“電磁閥是一種機(jī)電驅(qū)動閥，用于控制液體和氣體的流動?！?br/>電磁閥是氣體和液體回路中最常用的部件之一，應(yīng)用無處不在。 使用電磁閥的一些例子包括加熱系統(tǒng)，壓縮空氣技術(shù)，工業(yè)自動化，游泳池，噴水滅火系統(tǒng)，洗衣機(jī)，牙科設(shè)備，洗車系統(tǒng)和灌溉系統(tǒng)。
"A solenoid valve is an electromechanical actuated valve to control the flow of liquids and gases."
Solenoid valves are amongst the most used components in gas and liquid circuits. The number of applications is almost endless. Some examples of the use of solenoid valves include heating systems, compressed air technology, industrial automation, swimming pools, sprinkler systems, washing machines, dental equipment, car wash systems and irrigation systems.
電磁閥的電路功能Circuit functions of solenoid valves
電磁閥用于關(guān)閉，配制，分配或混合管道中的氣體或液體流。電磁閥的特定用途由其電路功能表示。2/2通閥有兩個端口（入口和出口）和兩個位置（打開或關(guān)閉）。2/2通閥可以是“常閉”（在斷電狀態(tài)下關(guān)閉）或“常開”（在斷電狀態(tài)下打開）。3/2通閥有三個端口和兩個位置，因此可以在兩個電路之間切換。3/2通閥可以具有不同的功能，例如常閉，常開，轉(zhuǎn)向或通用。在單個結(jié)構(gòu)中可以有更多端口或閥門組合。電路功能可以用符號表示。以下是最常見的電路功能的一些示例。閥門的電路功能在兩個矩形框中表示，用于斷電狀態(tài)（右側(cè)，可視化）和通電狀態(tài)（左側(cè)）。方框中的箭頭表示閥口之間的流向。這些例子顯示了一個2/2路常開（NO）閥，一個2/2路常閉（NC）閥和一個3/2路常閉閥。
Solenoid valves are used to close, dose, distribute or mix the flow of gas or liquid in a pipe. The specific purpose of a solenoid valve is expressed by its circuit function. A 2/2 way valve has two ports (inlet and outlet) and two positions (open or closed). A 2/2 way valve can be normally closed (closed in de-energized state) or normally open (open in de-energized state). A 3/2 way valve has three ports and two positions and can therefore switch between two circuits. 3/2 way valves can have different functions such as normally closed, normally open, diverting or universal. More ports or combinations of valves in a single construction are possible. The circuit function can be expressed in a symbol. Below are some examples of the most common circuit functions. The circuit function of a valve is symbolized in two rectangular boxes for the de-energized state (right side, visualized by ) and energized state (left). The arrows in the box show the flow direction between the valve ports. The examples show a 2/2-way Normally Open (NO) valve, a 2/2-way Normally Closed (NC) valve and a 3/2-way Normally Closed valve. For more information about valve symbols and circuit functions, please visit the page about valve symbols.
操作類型Type of operation
電磁閥可分為不同的操作類型。
Solenoid valves can be categorized into different groups of operation.
? 直接操作Direct operated
直接操作（直動式）電磁閥具有最簡單的工作原理。介質(zhì)流過一個小孔，可通過柱塞封閉，底部有橡膠墊圈。一個小彈簧將柱塞向下固定以關(guān)閉閥門。柱塞由鐵磁材料制成。電線圈圍繞柱塞定位。一旦線圈通電，就會產(chǎn)生磁場，將柱塞向上拉向線圈的中心。打開了孔，使介質(zhì)可以流過。這稱為常閉（NC）閥。常開（NO）閥的工作方式相反：它具有不同的結(jié)構(gòu)，以便在電磁閥未通電時孔口打開。當(dāng)電磁閥啟動時，孔口將關(guān)閉。最大工作壓力和流速與孔徑和電磁閥的磁力直接相關(guān)。因此該原理用于相對小的流速。直接操作電磁閥不需要最小工作壓力或壓力差，因此可以在0 bar到最大允許壓力下使用。顯示的電磁閥是直接操作的常閉2/2通閥。
Direct operated (direct acting) solenoid valves have the most simple working principle. The medium flows through a small orifice which can be closed off by a plunger with a rubber gasket on the bottom. A small spring holds the plunger down to close the valve. The plunger is made of a ferromagnetic material. An electric coil is positioned around the plunger. As soon as the coil is electrical energized, a magnetic field is created which pulls the plunger up towards the centre of the coil. This opens the orifice so that the medium can flow through. This is called a Normally Closed (NC) valve. A Normally Open (NO) valve works the opposite way: it has a different construction so that the orifice is open when the solenoid is not powered. When the solenoid is actuated, the orifice will be closed. The maximum operating pressure and the flow rate are directly related to the orifice diameter and the magnetic force of the solenoid valve. This principle is therefore used for relatively small flow rates. Direct operated solenoid valves require no minimum operating pressure or pressure difference, so they can be used from 0 bar up to the maximum allowable pressure. The displayed solenoid valve is a direct operated, normally closed 2/2 way valve.
? 間接操作（伺服或先導(dǎo)操作）Indirect operated (servo or pilot operated)
間接操作的電磁閥（也稱為伺服操作或先導(dǎo)操作）使用介質(zhì)在閥端口上的壓差來打開和關(guān)閉。通常這些閥需要約0.5 bar的最小壓差。入口和出口由橡膠膜隔開，也稱為隔膜。膜具有小孔，使得介質(zhì)可以流到上隔室。隔膜上方的壓力和支撐彈簧將確保閥門保持關(guān)閉。膜上方的腔室通過小通道連接到低壓端口。該連接通過螺線管在關(guān)閉位置被阻擋。該“先導(dǎo)”孔的直徑大于膜中孔的直徑。當(dāng)電磁閥通電時，先導(dǎo)孔打開，這導(dǎo)致膜上方的壓力下降。由于膜兩側(cè)的壓力差，膜將被提升并且介質(zhì)可以從入口流到出口。膜上方的額外壓力室起到放大器的作用，因此使用小螺線管仍然可以控制大流量。間接電磁閥只能用于一個流向。間接操作的電磁閥用于具有足夠壓差在所需流速的應(yīng)用中，例如灌溉系統(tǒng)，淋浴器或洗車系統(tǒng)。間接閥也稱為伺服控制閥。膜上方的額外壓力室起到放大器的作用，因此使用小螺線管仍然可以控制大流量。間接電磁閥只能用于一個流向。間接操作的電磁閥用于具有足夠壓差在所需流速的應(yīng)用中，例如灌溉系統(tǒng)，淋浴器或洗車系統(tǒng)。間接閥也稱為伺服控制閥。膜上方的額外壓力室起到放大器的作用，因此使用小螺線管仍然可以控制大流量。間接電磁閥只能用于一個流向。間接操作的電磁閥用于具有足夠壓差在所需流速的應(yīng)用中，例如灌溉系統(tǒng)，淋浴或洗車系統(tǒng)。間接閥也稱為伺服控制閥。
Indirect operated solenoid valves (also called servo operated, or pilot operated) use the differential pressure of the medium over the valve ports to open and close. Usually these valves need a minimum pressure differential of around 0.5 bar. The inlet and outlet are separated by a rubber membrane, also called diaphragm. The membrane has a small hole so that the medium can flow to the upper compartment. The pressure and supporting spring above the membrane will ensure that the valve remains closed. The chamber above the membrane is connected by a small channel to the low pressure port. This connection is blocked in the closed position by a solenoid. The diameter of this "pilot" orifice is larger than the diameter of the hole in the membrane. When the solenoid is energized, the pilot orifice is opened, which causes the pressure above the membrane to drop. Because of the pressure difference on both sides of the membrane, the membrane will be lifted and the medium can flow from inlet port to outlet port. The extra pressure chamber above the membrane acts like an amplifier, so with a small solenoid still a large flow rate can be controlled. Indirect solenoid valves can be used only for one flow direction. Indirect operated solenoid valves are used in applications with a sufficient pressure differential and a high desired flow rate, such as for example irrigation systems, showers or car wash systems. Indirect valves are also known as servo controlled valves.
? 半直接操作Semi-direct operated
半直動電磁閥結(jié)合了直接和間接閥門的特性。這允許它們從零桿開始工作，但它們?nèi)匀豢梢蕴幚砀吡魉?。它們看起來有點(diǎn)像間接閥，還有一個可移動的薄膜，兩側(cè)都有一個小孔和壓力室。不同之處在于螺線管柱塞直接連接到膜上。當(dāng)柱塞被抬起時，它直接提升膜以打開閥門。同時，柱塞打開第二孔，其直徑略大于膜中的第一孔。這導(dǎo)致膜上方的腔室中的壓力下降。結(jié)果，膜不僅通過柱塞提升，而且通過壓力差提升。這種組合導(dǎo)致閥門在0 bar下運(yùn)行，并且可以控制相對大的流速。通常，半直動閥比間接操作閥具有更強(qiáng)大的線圈。半直動閥有時被稱為輔助提升電磁閥。
Semi-direct operated solenoid valves combine the properties of direct and indirect valves. This allows them to work from zero bar, but still they can handle a high flow rate. They look somewhat like indirect valves and also feature a movable membrane with a small orifice and pressure chambers on both sides. The difference is that the solenoid plunger is directly connected to the membrane. When the plunger is lifted, it directly lifts the membrane to open the valve. At the same time, a second orifice is opened by the plunger that has a slightly larger diameter than the first orifice in the membrane. This causes the pressure in the chamber above the membrane to drop. As a result, the membrane is lifted not only by the plunger, but also by the pressure difference. This combination results in a valve that operates from zero bar, and can control relatively large flow rates. Often, semi-direct operated valves have more powerful coils than indirect operated valves. Semi-direct operated valves are sometimes called assisted-lift solenoid valves.
? 直接操作的3/2路電磁閥Direct operated 3/2 way solenoid valves
3/2路電磁閥有三個端口和兩個開關(guān)狀態(tài)。在每個開關(guān)狀態(tài)中，三個端口中的兩個連接。通過啟動螺線管，閥門切換狀態(tài)，并建立閥門端口之間的不同連接。下圖顯示了直接操作的3/2通閥。左側(cè)的端口是輸入端口（P）。在斷電狀態(tài)下，介質(zhì)可以從左側(cè)的端口流到頂部端口（排氣口）。在通電狀態(tài)下，介質(zhì)可以從右端口流到左端口。這是一種稱為常閉的3/2向閥。
A 3/2 way solenoid valve has three ports and two switching states. In each switching state, two of the three ports are connected. By activating the solenoid, the valve switches state and a different connection between the valve ports is established. The drawing below shows a direct operated 3/2 way valve. The port on the left side is the input port (P). In the de-energized state, the medium can flow from the port on the left side to the top port (exhaust port). In the energized state, the medium can flow from the right port to the left port. This is a called a normally closed 3/2-way valve.
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