基礎篇——軟啟動器介紹（中英文）
什么是電機軟啟動？
What Is a Motor Soft Start?
軟啟動器是一種附加設備，可以添加到典型的交流電動機中，使電動機能夠使用不同的啟動方法。該設備的目的是減少電動機在典型通電階段對電動機的負擔。
A soft starter is an additional device that can be added to a typical AC electric motor that will allow the motor to use a different startup method. The purpose of this device is to reduce the strain put on the motor during the typical power-up phase of a motor.
為了實現這一點，軟啟動器將緩慢而逐漸地開始向電機施加增加的電壓。這樣可以平穩(wěn)地加速功率，而不是突然劇烈的功率爆發(fā)，這可能會對電機和整個機器造成損壞。
雖然大多數典型的啟動都涉及一次性將電流沖入電機，但軟啟動提供了平穩(wěn)而穩(wěn)定的線性功率斜率。這減少了電機電路的整體磨損，從而使整個機器更健康，不太可能快速損壞。根據選擇的特定軟啟動器型號，有些能夠調整啟動電壓和電機完全通電所需的時間。
To accomplish this, a soft starter will slowly and gradually begin applying increasing voltages to the motor. This allows for a smooth acceleration of power instead of a sudden and violent burst of power that could potentially cause damage to the motor and the machine as a whole.
Whereas most typical startups involve a rush of electrical currents all at once into the motor, the soft start offers a smooth and steady linear slope of power. This reduces the overall wear and tear on the motor’s circuits, resulting in a healthier overall machine that is less likely to break quickly. Depending on which specific soft starter model you choose, some have the capability to adjust the starting voltage and the length of time it takes until the motor is fully powered up.
軟啟動如何工作？
How Does a Soft Start Work?
本質上，電機軟啟動器通過控制流經電機電路的電壓量來工作。它通過限制電機的扭矩來實現這一點。這反過來又允許軟啟動器降低電壓并允許其逐漸停止降低電壓以實現平穩(wěn)的電流變化。
除此之外，某些軟啟動器型號可能使用固態(tài)設備。這些設備是控制允許流過電機的電流量的另一種方法。這讓軟啟動器可以在三個獨立的不同階段控制電流，以實現更精確的控制水平。
Essentially, a motor soft starter works by controlling the amount of voltage running through the motors circuits. It does this by limiting torque in the motor. This in turn allows the soft starter to reduce the voltage and allows it to gradually stop reducing the voltage to allow for a smooth progression of current.
In addition to this, certain soft starter models may use solid-state devices. These devices are another means of controlling the amount of electrical current allowed to flow through the motor. This lets the soft starter control the current in three separate, distinct phases to allow for more precise levels of control.
許多電動軟啟動器還使用一系列可控硅整流器 (SCR) 或晶閘管，在電機開始啟動時將電壓限制在更易于管理的范圍內。這些 SCR 具有 ON 狀態(tài)，允許電流流動，以及 OFF 狀態(tài)，控制和限制電流。當啟動機器時，這些 SCR 會激活，限制電壓，然后在機器達到滿功率時放松。這可以降低電機的熱量并減少整體壓力。
雖然電動軟啟動器是可能的軟啟動解決方案的一個例子，但它們并不是唯一可用的解決方案。還有一些機械選項，它們較少依賴電流，而更多地依賴物理、機械解決方案。
機械軟啟動器依靠離合器和不同的聯軸器，使用流體、鋼丸或磁力來減少電機中的扭矩。如前所述，這限制了允許通過電機的電壓，并使其更平穩(wěn)、更輕松地啟動。
Many electrical soft starters also use a series of silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR), or thyristors, to limit the voltage to a more manageable amount for the motor as it begins to start up. These SCRs have an ON state, where they allow the current to flow, and an OFF state, where they control and limit the electrical current. When you power up your machine, these SCRs activate, restrict the voltage, and then relax as the machine reaches full power. This keeps the motor’s heat down and reduces overall strain.
While electrical soft starters are one example of a possible soft start solution, they aren’t the only solution available. There are also mechanical options that rely less on electrical current and more on physical, mechanical solutions.
Mechanical soft starters rely on clutches and different couplings that use fluids, steel shot or magnetic forces to reduce the amount of torque in the motor. As discussed earlier, this limits the voltage allowed to surge through the motor and allows it to power up more gently and easily.
電機軟啟動器的一些常見應用是什么？
What Are Some Common Applications of Soft Starters for Motors?
了解了軟啟動是什么、它的工作原理和用途，下一個合乎邏輯的問題是：什么時候需要軟啟動？每臺電機都需要它嗎？它是否只對某些機器是必要的，還是應該在每臺電機上安裝軟啟動器選項？
第一個答案是，沒有電機絕對需要軟啟動器。每臺電機都可以在沒有它們的情況下運行。這意味著不應該感到安裝它們的過度壓力。
但是，安裝軟啟動器將使許多電機受益，并且某些電機比其他電機受益更多。這是因為某些電機在啟動階段更容易因電流過大而發(fā)生故障和磨損。以下是通常使用軟啟動器來簡化啟動過程的幾個地方：
Now that you have some background in what a soft start is, how it works and what it’s used for, the next logical question is this: when do I need a soft start? Do you need it for every motor? Is it only necessary for some of your machines, or should you install a soft starter option on every motor you own?
The first answer is that no motor absolutely needs a soft starter. Every motor can get along without them. This means you shouldn’t feel undue pressure to install them.
However, there are plenty of motors that will greatly benefit from having a soft starter installed and some motors will benefit more than others. This is because certain motors are more susceptible to breaking down and wearing out due to excess amounts of electrical current during their startup phase. Here are just a few of the places where soft starters are commonly used to ease the startup process:
1. 泵應用 / Pump Applications
在各種泵應用中，都存在電源浪涌的風險。通過安裝軟啟動器并逐步向電機供電，可以大大降低這種風險。
In various pump applications, there is a risk of power surges. By installing a soft starter and feeding the electrical current to the motor in a gradual progression, this risk is greatly reduced.
2. 傳送帶 / Conveyor Belts
對于傳送帶，突然啟動總是有可能引起問題。傳送帶可能會抖動并錯位。傳統的啟動方式還會給傳送帶的驅動部件增加不必要的壓力。通過安裝軟啟動器，傳送帶將更緩慢地啟動，并且傳送帶更有可能保持在正確的軌道上。
With conveyor belts, it’s always possible that a sudden start may cause problems. The belt may jerk and become misaligned. The conventional start also adds unnecessary stress to the belt’s drive components. By installing a soft starter, the belt will start up more gradually and the belt has a greater chance of staying properly on track.
3. 風扇和類似系統 / Fans and Similar Systems
在采用皮帶傳動的系統中，潛在的問題與傳送帶出現的問題類似。突然和急促的啟動意味著傳送帶有滑出軌道的風險。軟啟動可以解決這個問題。
In systems with belt drives, the potential problems are similar to the ones that arise with conveyor belts. The sudden and jerky start means the belt is at risk for slipping off its track. A soft startup corrects this problem.
4. 電動直升機 / Electrical Helicopters
不難看出為什么直升機突然急促啟動可能會造成災難性的后果。如果螺旋槳突然劇烈啟動，并突然出現沖擊，則可能會很危險。相反，軟啟動可使螺旋槳平穩(wěn)啟動。
It’s not difficult to see why it could be disastrous for a helicopter to have a sudden, jerky start. If the propellers start suddenly and violently with a sudden surge, this could be dangerous. Instead, a soft start allows the propellers to start smoothly.
使用電機軟啟動器有什么好處？
What Is the Advantage of Using Motor Soft Starters?
為什么要使用軟啟動器？畢竟，這意味著要投入額外的資金。這真的值得嗎？是否應該將時間和金錢投入到電機的這一附加功能上？
雖然這取決于電機本身，但這是值得的。以下是在電機上安裝軟啟動器時可以體驗到的一些主要好處：
Why should you use soft starters? After all, this will mean investing extra money. Is it really worth it? Should you invest your time and money in this addition to your motor?
While it depends on the motor itself, we think that it is worth it. Here are some of the primary benefits you can expect to experience when you install a soft starter on your motor:
1. 減少能源使用 / Reduced Energy Use
減少機器所需的能量始終是理想目標。軟啟動器有助于實現這一目標，這是很有意義的。在傳統啟動中，電機會立即開始消耗最大能量，并在電機運行的整個過程中持續(xù)消耗能量。
Reducing the amount of energy your machines require is always an ideal goal. It only makes sense that a soft starter would contribute to this. With a conventional start, the motor immediately begins expending the maximum amount of energy and continues to do so for the entire time the motor is running.
采用軟啟動時，電壓會逐漸升至最大值。這意味著總體上消耗的能量更少。
With a soft start, the voltage gradually builds up to the maximum. This means that, overall, less energy is expended.
2. 降低電涌風險 / Lower Risk of Power Surge
當最大電壓立即沖入電機并使其開始運轉時，電路總是有可能過載，電機將經歷電涌。軟啟動是防止電涌的極佳保護措施。電壓不會一下子全部進入電路，而是逐漸增加。
When the maximum voltage immediately rushes into your motor to start it running, there is always the possibility that the circuits will be overloaded and your motor will experience a power surge. A soft start is an excellent protective measure against power surges. Instead of all the power being thrown into the circuits at once, the voltage builds gradually.
3. 可調加速時間 / Adjustable Acceleration Time
并非每個軟啟動器都配備此選項，但有些軟啟動器配備此選項，并且它提供了顯著的優(yōu)勢。使用此選項，可以選擇電機啟動所需的時間。
例如，如果知道電機或機器容易出現電涌或老舊磨損，可以將其設置為需要一段時間才能啟動。另一方面，如果知道機器堅固可靠，可能愿意讓它花更短的時間來啟動。無論哪種方式，這種靈活性和可定制性都是一個巨大的優(yōu)勢。
Not every soft start is equipped with this option, but some are — and it provides a significant advantage. With this option, you can choose how long you want your motor to spend powering up.
If you know your motor or machine is prone to power surges or is old and worn out, for example, you might set it to take a while to power up. If, on the other hand, you know your machine is sturdy and reliable, you might be all right with letting it take a shorter time to power up. Either way, this flexibility and customizability is an enormous advantage.
4. 每小時啟動次數的潛在增加 / Potential Increase of Possible Starts Per Hour
傳統方式下，電機啟動需要大量能量。這意味著，根據機器的不同，它可能無法在特定小時內啟動過多的次數。
但是，使用軟啟動，電機每次啟動時消耗的能量會更少，這意味著它能夠更頻繁地啟動。
It takes a lot of energy for a motor to power up conventionally. This means that, depending on the machine, it may not be able to power up an excessive number of times within a particular hour.
With a soft start, however, your motor will expend less energy each time it powers up, meaning it’s able to power up more often.
5. 降低過熱風險 / Reduced Risk of Overheating
傳統啟動時產生的大量電能有時會導致電機過熱。這種過熱可能無害，但也可能導致電機暫時關閉，甚至可能對電機造成持久損壞。
毋庸置疑，軟啟動不涉及這種初始電能沖擊。相反，電機會獲得溫和的電能沖擊，從而大大降低過熱風險。
The large surge of energy associated with a conventional startup can sometimes cause a motor to overheat. This overheating can be harmless, but it can also lead to the motor shutting down temporarily and it can even cause lasting damage to the motor.
It should go without saying that a soft start does not involve this initial blast of power. Instead, a gentle surge of electricity is supplied to the motor, resulting in a greatly reduced risk of overheating.
6. 提高運行效率 / Improved Operating Efficiency
傳統啟動方式有時可以完整運行。但有時也會出現問題。電機可能會過熱。機器可能會發(fā)生故障?？赡軙霈F電涌。
由于軟啟動可以消除或大大降低這些問題的風險，因此機器將能夠更高效地運行，并減少出現問題和損壞的風險。
Conventional startups can work perfectly fine sometimes. Other times, however, they can cause problems. The motor might overheat. The machine might malfunction. There might be a power surge.
Because the risk of these problems is removed or greatly reduced with a soft start, your machine will be able to operate more efficiently and with less risk of problems and damage.
7. 延長使用壽命 / Extended Lifespan
機器的使用壽命是無法保證的。任何事情都可能發(fā)生，損壞也隨時可能發(fā)生。但是，通過在機器上添加軟啟動器，可以延長其使用壽命，這是非常有道理的。
這很有道理——可以降低許多可能終止機器使用壽命的事件和事故的風險。
It’s impossible to guarantee something like a machine’s lifespan. Anything might happen and damage might occur at any time. However, it’s a very good bet that by adding a soft starter to your machine, you’re extending its service life.
This makes good sense — you’re reducing the risk of many incidents and accidents that have the potential to end the useful life of a machine.
軟啟動和 VFD 之間有什么區(qū)別？
What Is the Difference Between a Soft Start and a VFD?
VFD 與軟啟動器有一些相似之處，但也存在足夠多的差異，可以將其歸為一類。VFD 的正式名稱是變頻驅動器，是一種控制交流感應電機速度的電機控制裝置。這意味著它可以控制電機在啟動和停止周期以及正常運行周期內的運行速度。
A VFD has some similarities to a soft starter, but there are enough differences to put it in a class of its own. Officially known as a Variable Frequency Drive , a VFD is a motor control device that controls the speed of an AC induction motor. This means it can control how fast the motor is running during both the start and stop cycles, as well as during the ordinary run cycle.
基于此，很容易看出 VFD 和軟啟動之間的相似之處。兩者都有一種方法可以控制電機啟動時流經電機的電量，并且都可以幫助防止啟動期間出現電涌和問題等問題。然而，它們實現此目標的方法有所不同。
Based on this, it’s easy to see the similarities between a VFD and a soft start. Both have a way of controlling the amount of power running through a motor while it is starting up and both can help prevent things like power surges and issues during startup. They differ, however, regarding the method they employ to achieve this goal.
應該使用軟啟動器還是變頻器？
Should I Use a Soft Starter or a VFD?
如果主要目標是節(jié)省能源，通常首選變頻器。這是因為變頻器不僅在通電階段限制電機的速度。它還可以幫助在普通運行周期以及斷電階段控制速度。這使得它們非常適合在不需要時減少功率，從而降低整體能耗。
在需要控制機器速度和平穩(wěn)性能的情況下，變頻器也是一個不錯的選擇。電梯和自動扶梯等應用符合這一描述。在這些應用中，能夠控制這些設備的恒定速度，并防止它們出現任何意外的功率激增。
A VFD is usually preferred if your main goal is to save energy. This is because a VFD doesn’t just limit the speed of the motor during the power-up phase. It can also help you control the speed during the ordinary running cycle as well as during the power-down phase. This makes them ideal for reducing power when it isn’t needed, resulting in lower energy being expended overall.
VFDs are also a good choice in situations where it’s important to be able to control the speed and smooth performance of a machine. Applications like elevators and escalators fit this description. In applications like these, you will be able to control the constant speed of these pieces of equipment and prevent them from experiencing any unexpected surges in power.
軟啟動失敗的一些常見原因是什么？
What Are Some Common Reasons for Soft Starts to Fail?
軟啟動雖然很棒，但并非萬無一失。與任何其他設備或機械一樣，問題的組合可能會導致它們發(fā)生故障或損壞。雖然軟啟動器在可預見的未來應該處于良好的工作狀態(tài)，但永遠不知道會發(fā)生什么。
As great as soft starts are, they aren’t infallible. Like any other piece of equipment or machinery, the right combination of problems can cause them to fail or break. While your soft starter should be in good working condition for the foreseeable future, you never know what might happen.
如果發(fā)現軟啟動器出現問題或故障，則可能與以下問題之一有關：
? 過熱：如前所述，機器過熱會導致各種其他問題。與采用傳統啟動的機器相比，采用軟啟動的機器過熱的可能性較小，但仍有可能過熱。
? 電壓過高：由于軟啟動的全部目的是首先限制電流量，因此不太可能發(fā)生這種情況。但是，如果在啟動過程中高于正常水平的電壓沖擊到電機，則可能會導致問題。
? 電流過大：這個問題與電壓過大的問題類似。如果最初流入電機的電流過大，可能會使電路過載并導致故障。
If you notice a problem or malfunction in your soft starter, it might be associated one of these problems:
? Too much heat: As previously mentioned, an overheated machine can cause all kinds of other problems. A machine with a soft start is less likely to overheat than one with a conventional start, but it’s still possible.
? Too much voltage: Because the entire purpose of a soft start is to limit the amount of electrical current at first, this isn’t likely to happen. However, if a higher voltage than usual jolts into your motor during startup, it could lead to problems.
? Too much current: This is a similar problem to the problem of too much voltage. If too much current flows into your motor at first, it might overload the circuits and cause a malfunction.
雖然這可能讓人覺得軟啟動容易出現問題和故障，但事實并非如此。軟啟動可降低電機和機械發(fā)生故障的幾率，并能很好地保護它們免受過熱和電涌等問題的影響。它們還能大大延長大多數電機的使用壽命。
不可能說軟啟動永遠不會發(fā)生故障或出現問題，但它們通常非?？煽?，并為電機提供額外的安全和保護。
While this might make it seem like soft starts are prone to problems and malfunctions, the opposite is actually true. Soft starts make your motors and machinery less prone to malfunctioning and do a wonderful job of protecting them from things like overheating and power surges. They also do a great deal to lengthen the lifespan of most motors.
It’s impossible to say that soft starts never break down or experience problems, but they are generally very reliable and provide an extra layer of security and protection for your motors
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