線性執(zhí)行器的類(lèi)型（中英文）
機(jī)械線性執(zhí)行器
Mechanical Linear Actuators
機(jī)械線性執(zhí)行器通常通過(guò)將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換為線性運(yùn)動(dòng)（直線運(yùn)動(dòng)）來(lái)工作。機(jī)械線性執(zhí)行器使用旋鈕或手柄所連接的螺釘和/或齒輪將控制旋鈕或手柄的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換為線性位移。千斤頂或汽車(chē)千斤頂是一種常見(jiàn)的機(jī)械線性執(zhí)行器。
Mechanical linear actuators typically operate by the conversion of rotary motion into linear motion (motion in a straight line). Mechanical linear actuators convert rotary motion of a control knob or handle into linear displacement using screws and/or gears to which the knob or handle is attached. A jackscrew or car jack is a familiar mechanical linear actuator.
千斤頂是機(jī)械執(zhí)行器的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單例子
A car jack is a simple example of a mechanical actuator
另一種線性致動(dòng)器基于分段主軸。千斤頂手柄的旋轉(zhuǎn)被機(jī)械地轉(zhuǎn)換為千斤頂頭的線性運(yùn)動(dòng)。機(jī)械線性致動(dòng)器也經(jīng)常用于激光和光學(xué)領(lǐng)域，以操縱線性平臺(tái)、旋轉(zhuǎn)平臺(tái)、鏡架、測(cè)角儀和其他定位儀器的位置。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)確和可重復(fù)的定位，可以在控制旋鈕上使用索引標(biāo)記。一些線性致動(dòng)器設(shè)計(jì)包括編碼器和數(shù)字位置讀數(shù)。它們類(lèi)似于千分尺上使用的調(diào)節(jié)旋鈕，只是它們的用途是位置調(diào)節(jié)而不是位置測(cè)量。轉(zhuǎn)換通常使用一些簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)制進(jìn)行：
Another type of linear actuator is based on the segmented spindle. Rotation of the jack handle is converted mechanically into the linear motion of the jack head. Mechanical linear actuators are also frequently used in the field of lasers and optics to manipulate the position of linear stages, rotary stages, mirror mounts, goniometers and other positioning instruments. For accurate and repeatable positioning, index marks may be used on control knobs. Some linear actuator designs include an encoder and digital position readout. These are similar to the adjustment knobs used on micrometers, except that their purpose is position adjustment rather than position measurement. Conversion is typically made using a few simple mechanisms:
? 絲杠：絲杠、螺旋升降機(jī)、滾珠絲杠和滾柱絲杠線性執(zhí)行器均采用簡(jiǎn)單絲杠的原理和功能運(yùn)行。通過(guò)旋轉(zhuǎn)執(zhí)行器的螺母，絲杠軸沿直線移動(dòng)。絲杠：絲杠、螺旋升降機(jī)、滾珠絲杠和滾柱絲杠線性執(zhí)行器均采用簡(jiǎn)單絲杠的原理和功能運(yùn)行。通過(guò)旋轉(zhuǎn)執(zhí)行器的螺母，絲杠軸沿直線移動(dòng)。
Screws: lead screw, screw jack, ball screw and roller screw linear actuators all operate on the principles and functions of a simple screw. By rotating the actuator's nut, the screw shaft moves in a straight line.
? 輪軸：起重機(jī)、絞車(chē)、齒條小齒輪、鏈傳動(dòng)、皮帶傳動(dòng)、剛性鏈和剛性皮帶線性執(zhí)行器按照輪軸的原理和功能運(yùn)行，其中旋轉(zhuǎn)的輪子移動(dòng)電纜、齒條、鏈條或皮帶以產(chǎn)生線性運(yùn)動(dòng)。
Wheel and Axle: Hoist, winch, rack and pinion, chain drive, belt drive, rigid chain and rigid belt linear actuators operate on the principles and functions of the wheel and axle, wherein a rotating wheel moves a cable, rack, chain or belt to produce linear motion.
? 凸輪：凸輪線性致動(dòng)器的工作原理與楔塊類(lèi)似，但行程相對(duì)有限。當(dāng)輪狀凸輪旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，其偏心形狀會(huì)在軸的底部產(chǎn)生推力。凸輪：凸輪線性致動(dòng)器的工作原理與楔塊類(lèi)似，但行程相對(duì)有限。當(dāng)輪狀凸輪旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，其偏心形狀會(huì)在軸的底部產(chǎn)生推力。
Cam: Cam linear actuators function on a principle similar to that of the wedge, but provide relatively limited travel. As a wheel-like cam rotates, its eccentric shape provides thrust at the base of a shaft.
一些機(jī)械線性執(zhí)行器僅用于拉動(dòng)（例如提升機(jī)、鏈條傳動(dòng)和皮帶傳動(dòng)），而其他類(lèi)型僅用于推動(dòng)（例如凸輪執(zhí)行器）。氣動(dòng)和液壓缸或?qū)輻U線性執(zhí)行器可設(shè)計(jì)為在兩個(gè)方向上提供力。線性執(zhí)行器的選擇取決于應(yīng)用和預(yù)算。
Some mechanical linear actuators only pull (such as hoists, chain drive and belt drives), while other types only push (such as a cam actuator). Pneumatic and hydraulic cylinders, or lead screw linear actuators can be designed to provide force in both directions. The selection of the linear actuator is dependent upon the application and budget.
液壓線性執(zhí)行器
Hydraulic Linear Actuators
液壓線性執(zhí)行器有時(shí)也稱(chēng)為液壓缸，通常包括一個(gè)插入活塞的空心缸。施加在活塞上的不平衡壓力提供了移動(dòng)外部物體所需的力。由于液體幾乎不可壓縮，液壓缸可以提供受控的活塞精確線性位移。位移僅沿活塞的軸線進(jìn)行。雖然“液壓執(zhí)行器”一詞指的是由液壓泵控制的設(shè)備，但手動(dòng)操作的液壓線性執(zhí)行器的一個(gè)例子是簡(jiǎn)單的液壓千斤頂。
Hydraulic linear actuators, sometimes referred to as or hydraulic cylinders, typically involve a hollow cylinder with a piston inserted into it. An unbalanced pressure applied to the piston provides the necessary force that moves an external object. Since liquids are nearly incompressible, a hydraulic cylinder can provide controlled precise linear displacement of the piston. The displacement is only along the axis of the piston. Although the term "hydraulic actuator" refers to a device controlled by a hydraulic pump, an example of a manually operated hydraulic linear actuator is a simple hydraulic car jack.
氣動(dòng)線性執(zhí)行器
Pneumatic Linear Actuators
氣動(dòng)線性執(zhí)行器，有時(shí)也稱(chēng)為氣缸，與液壓線性執(zhí)行器類(lèi)似，只是它們使用壓縮氣體來(lái)提供壓力，而不是液體力。
Pneumatic linear actuators, sometimes referred to as pneumatic cylinders, are similar to hydraulic linear actuators except they use compressed gas to provide pressure, rather than a liquid force.
壓電線性執(zhí)行器
Piezoelectric Linear Actuators
壓電效應(yīng)是某些材料的一種特性，在材料上施加電壓會(huì)導(dǎo)致材料膨脹。非常高的電壓只對(duì)應(yīng)微小的膨脹。因此，壓電線性致動(dòng)器可以實(shí)現(xiàn)極精細(xì)的定位分辨率。壓電線性致動(dòng)器的缺點(diǎn)是其運(yùn)動(dòng)范圍非常短。此外，壓電材料表現(xiàn)出滯后現(xiàn)象，這使得難以以可重復(fù)的方式控制其膨脹。
The piezoelectric effect is a property of certain materials in which the application of a voltage to the material causes it to expand. Very high voltages correspond to only tiny expansions. As a result, piezoelectric linear actuators can achieve extremely fine positioning resolution. The downside to the piezoelectric linear actuator is that it has a very short range of motion. In addition, piezoelectric materials exhibit hysteresis, which makes it difficult to control its expansion in a repeatable manner.
機(jī)電機(jī)性執(zhí)行器
Electromechanical Linear Actuators
機(jī)電機(jī)性執(zhí)行器與機(jī)械執(zhí)行器類(lèi)似，唯一的區(qū)別在于控制旋鈕或手柄被電動(dòng)機(jī)取代。電動(dòng)機(jī)的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)被轉(zhuǎn)換為執(zhí)行器的線性位移?，F(xiàn)代線性執(zhí)行器有許多設(shè)計(jì)。每個(gè)線性執(zhí)行器制造商都有自己的專(zhuān)有方法和設(shè)計(jì)，因此很難將零件從一個(gè)制造商轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)制造商以用于給定的應(yīng)用。
以下是一個(gè)非常簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)電機(jī)性執(zhí)行器的示例描述。通常，電動(dòng)機(jī)以機(jī)械方式連接以旋轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)螺桿。導(dǎo)螺桿在其圓周上加工有沿長(zhǎng)度延伸的連續(xù)螺旋螺紋（類(lèi)似于螺栓上的螺紋）。在導(dǎo)螺桿上擰有具有相應(yīng)螺旋螺紋的導(dǎo)螺母或滾珠螺母。螺母被阻止與導(dǎo)螺桿一起旋轉(zhuǎn)（通常螺母與執(zhí)行器主體的非旋轉(zhuǎn)部分互鎖）。因此，當(dāng)導(dǎo)螺桿旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，螺母沿螺紋驅(qū)動(dòng)。螺母的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向取決于絲杠的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向。通過(guò)連接螺母，運(yùn)動(dòng)可以轉(zhuǎn)換為可用的線性位移。
Electromechanical linear actuators are similar to mechanical actuators, the only difference being that the control knob or handle is replaced with an electric motor. Rotary motion of the motor is converted into linear displacement of the actuator. There are many designs of modern linear actuators. Every linear actuator manufacturer has their own proprietary methods and designs, making it difficult to cross parts from one manufacturer to another for a given application.
The following is a example description of a very simple electromechanical linear actuator. Typically, an electric motor is mechanically connected to rotate a lead screw. A lead screw has a continuous helical thread machined on its circumference running along the length (similar to the thread on a bolt). Threaded onto the lead screw is a lead nut or ball nut with corresponding helical threads. The nut is prevented from rotating with the lead screw (typically the nut interlocks with a non-rotating part of the actuator body). Therefore, when the lead screw is rotated, the nut is driven along the threads. The direction of motion of the nut will depend on the direction of rotation of the lead screw. By connecting to the nut, the motion can be converted to usable linear displacement.
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)結(jié)構(gòu)還是緊湊結(jié)構(gòu)？
Standard Construction or Compact Construction?
使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電機(jī)的線性執(zhí)行器通常將電機(jī)用作附在執(zhí)行器側(cè)面的單獨(dú)氣缸，與執(zhí)行器平行或伸出側(cè)面，垂直于執(zhí)行器。有時(shí)電機(jī)附在執(zhí)行器的后端。驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)的典型結(jié)構(gòu)是實(shí)心驅(qū)動(dòng)軸，與線性執(zhí)行器的驅(qū)動(dòng)螺母或驅(qū)動(dòng)螺桿嚙合。
A linear actuator using standard motors will typically use the motor as a separate cylinder attached to the side of the actuator, either parallel with the actuator or stuck out to the side, positioned perpendicular to the actuator. Sometimes the motor is attached to the back end of the actuator. The drive motor is of typical construction with a solid drive shaft that is geared to the drive nut or drive screw of the linear actuator.
緊湊型線性執(zhí)行器可能只有約 6 英寸長(zhǎng)（包含電機(jī)）
Compact linear actuators may only be about 6 inches long, motor included
緊湊型線性執(zhí)行器使用專(zhuān)門(mén)設(shè)計(jì)的電機(jī)，將電機(jī)和執(zhí)行器組件裝入盡可能小的空間。在這種情況下，可以擴(kuò)大電機(jī)軸的內(nèi)徑，這樣驅(qū)動(dòng)軸就可以是空心的。因此，驅(qū)動(dòng)螺桿和螺母可以占據(jù)電機(jī)的中心，而電機(jī)和驅(qū)動(dòng)螺桿之間無(wú)需額外的傳動(dòng)裝置。同樣，電機(jī)可以制成外徑較小，極面縱向伸展，這樣電機(jī)在小直徑設(shè)計(jì)中也能提供高扭矩。
Compact linear actuators use specially designed motors that fit the motor and actuator components into the smallest possible footprint. In such cases, the inner diameter of the motor shaft can be enlarged, so that the drive shaft can be hollow. The drive screw and nut can therefore occupy the center of the motor, with no need for additional gearing between the motor and the drive screw. Similarly, the motor can be made to have a small outer diameter, with the pole faces stretched out lengthwise so that the motor will provide high torque while fitting in a small diameter design.
電機(jī)型線性執(zhí)行器
Motor-Type Linear Actuators
電機(jī)型線性執(zhí)行器的功能基本與旋轉(zhuǎn)電動(dòng)機(jī)相同，轉(zhuǎn)子和定子圓形磁場(chǎng)組件設(shè)計(jì)成直線排列。旋轉(zhuǎn)電動(dòng)機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)并重復(fù)使用相同的磁極面，而電機(jī)型線性執(zhí)行器的磁場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)在執(zhí)行器的長(zhǎng)度上物理重復(fù)。由于電動(dòng)機(jī)以線性方式移動(dòng)，因此無(wú)需導(dǎo)螺桿即可將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換為線性運(yùn)動(dòng)。雖然可以實(shí)現(xiàn)高容量，但由于僅依賴(lài)磁吸引力和排斥力，大多數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)中的材料和/或電動(dòng)機(jī)限制相對(duì)較快地被超越。與其他類(lèi)型的線性執(zhí)行器相比，大多數(shù)線性執(zhí)行器電動(dòng)機(jī)的負(fù)載能力較低。但是，線性執(zhí)行器電動(dòng)機(jī)在戶(hù)外或骯臟環(huán)境中具有優(yōu)勢(shì)，因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)半部不需要相互接觸，因此電磁驅(qū)動(dòng)線圈可以防水并密封以防潮和腐蝕。線性執(zhí)行器電動(dòng)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)可提供非常長(zhǎng)的使用壽命，因此對(duì)于某些應(yīng)用而言，它可能是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)的選擇。
A motor-type linear actuator basically functions the same as a rotary electric motor with the rotor and stator circular magnetic field components designed so that they are laid out in a straight line. Whereas a rotary motor rotates and re-uses the same magnetic pole faces again and again, the magnetic field structures of a motor-type linear actuator are physically repeated across the length of the actuator. Since the motor moves in a linear fashion to begin with, no lead screw is needed to convert rotary motion to linear. While high capacity is possible, the material and/or motor limitations on most designs are surpassed relatively quickly due to a reliance solely on magnetic attraction and repulsion forces. Most linear actuator motors have a low load capacity compared to other types of linear actuators. However, linear actuator motors have an advantage in outdoor or dirty environments in that the two halves do not need to contact each other, so the electromagnetic drive coils can be waterproofed and sealed against moisture and corrosion. The linear actuator motor design provides for a very long service life, so it can be an economical choice for some applications.
特殊設(shè)計(jì)：伸縮式線性執(zhí)行器
Special Design: Telescoping Linear Actuator
伸縮式線性執(zhí)行器是專(zhuān)用的線性執(zhí)行器，通常用于空間限制或其他要求決定最佳配合的場(chǎng)合。伸縮式線性執(zhí)行器的運(yùn)動(dòng)范圍比致動(dòng)構(gòu)件的未伸展長(zhǎng)度大很多倍。一種常見(jiàn)的形式是由長(zhǎng)度大致相等的同心管制成，這些管像套筒一樣伸展和收縮，一個(gè)在另一個(gè)里面，例如伸縮缸。其他更專(zhuān)業(yè)的伸縮式線性執(zhí)行器使用的致動(dòng)構(gòu)件在伸展時(shí)充當(dāng)剛性線性軸，但在收縮時(shí)通過(guò)折疊、分成幾部分和/或展開(kāi)來(lái)打破該線。
伸縮式線性執(zhí)行器的示例包括：
? 螺旋帶線性執(zhí)行器
? 剛性帶線性執(zhí)行器
? 剛性鏈線性執(zhí)行器
? 分段主軸線性執(zhí)行器
Telescoping linear actuators are specialized linear actuators that are typically used where space restrictions or other requirements dictate the best fit. The telescoping linear actuator's range of motion is many times greater than the unextended length of the actuating member. A common form is made of concentric tubes of approximately equal length that extend and retract like sleeves, one inside the other, such as the telescopic cylinder. Other more specialized telescoping linear actuators use actuating members that act as rigid linear shafts when extended, but break that line by folding, separating into pieces and/or uncoiling when retracted.
Examples of telescoping linear actuators include:
? Helical Band Linear Actuators
? Rigid Belt Linear Actuators
? Rigid Chain Linear Actuators
? Segmented Spindle Linear Actuators
螺旋驅(qū)動(dòng)線性執(zhí)行器
Screw-Driven Linear Actuators
螺旋驅(qū)動(dòng)線性執(zhí)行器也稱(chēng)為線性平臺(tái)或線性執(zhí)行器工作臺(tái)，適用于低速、重載和高慣性負(fù)載。這些設(shè)備通常用于定位設(shè)備、數(shù)控機(jī)床以及需要緩慢點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)移動(dòng)的任何其他場(chǎng)合。
Also called linear stages or linear actuator tables, screw-driven linear actuators are suitable for low-speeds, heavy loads, and high-inertial loads. These devices are typically used in positioning equipment, CNC machines, and anywhere else slow point-to-point movement is required.
皮帶傳動(dòng)執(zhí)行器
Belt-Driven Actuators
皮帶傳動(dòng)執(zhí)行器專(zhuān)為高速和輕負(fù)載而設(shè)計(jì)，僅適用于低慣性負(fù)載。皮帶傳動(dòng)執(zhí)行器的常見(jiàn)應(yīng)用包括自動(dòng)門(mén)窗、高速數(shù)據(jù)采集和掃描設(shè)備。
Designed for high-speeds and light loads, belt-driven actuators are only suitable for low-inertial loads. Common applications for belt actuators include automated windows and doors, high-speed data acquisition, and scanning devices.
桿式執(zhí)行器
Rod-Style Actuators
桿式執(zhí)行器在提升和推力應(yīng)用方面表現(xiàn)出色，其推力軸承內(nèi)置于執(zhí)行器本身。它們?cè)谒俣?、?fù)載、定位和精度方面與螺旋驅(qū)動(dòng)工作臺(tái)類(lèi)似。桿式執(zhí)行器采用緊湊、可折疊的設(shè)計(jì)，非常適合空間受限的項(xiàng)目。
Rod actuators excel at lifting and thrusting applications, with thrust-bearings built into the actuators themselves. They are similar to screw-driven tables in terms of speed, load, positioning, and accuracy capabilities. Rod actuators offer a compact, collapsible design great for projects where space constraints are a concern.
步進(jìn)電機(jī)線性執(zhí)行器
Stepper Motor Linear Actuators
步進(jìn)電機(jī)線性執(zhí)行器適用于點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)定位應(yīng)用。這種類(lèi)型的執(zhí)行器最適合輕負(fù)載和低速應(yīng)用。步進(jìn)電機(jī)是開(kāi)環(huán)精確的，因此它們不需要編碼器來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)精確定位。
Stepper linear actuators are intended for point-to-point positioning applications. This type of actuator is best suited for applications with light loads and slow speeds. Steppers are open loop accurate, so they do not require an encoder for accurate positioning.
帶集成滾珠絲杠的 BLDC 電機(jī)
BLDC Motors with Integrated Ball Screws
無(wú)刷直流線性執(zhí)行器非常適合高速運(yùn)動(dòng)。它們的特點(diǎn)是提供高速下的功率密度，而不是步進(jìn)電機(jī)的高精度。無(wú)刷線性執(zhí)行器可能需要編碼器來(lái)獲取準(zhǔn)確的定位數(shù)據(jù)。
The brushless DC linear actuators are great for high-speed motion. Their specialty is delivering power density at high speeds, rather than the high accuracy of a stepper. Brushless linear actuators may require an encoder to obtain accurate positioning data.
特定線性執(zhí)行器設(shè)計(jì)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Specific Linear Actuator Designs
線性執(zhí)行器的優(yōu)勢(shì)
Advantages of Linear Actuators
每種類(lèi)型的線性執(zhí)行器都采用不同的制造方式，并具有各自的優(yōu)勢(shì)。例如，機(jī)械線性執(zhí)行器相對(duì)便宜、可重復(fù)使用且獨(dú)立。壓電線性執(zhí)行器可以產(chǎn)生極小的線性運(yùn)動(dòng)，因此可用于微型計(jì)算機(jī)和微型機(jī)械應(yīng)用。液壓線性執(zhí)行器可以產(chǎn)生大量壓力，因此可用于重型應(yīng)用。氣動(dòng)線性執(zhí)行器功能強(qiáng)大、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、重量輕、設(shè)計(jì)非常簡(jiǎn)單，并提供可重復(fù)的運(yùn)動(dòng)。
Each type of linear actuator is made differently and has its own advantages. Mechanical linear actuators, for example, are relatively inexpensive, reusable, and self-contained. Piezoelectric linear actuators can create extremely small linear motions and can consequently be used for microcomputer and micro-mechanical applications. Hydraulic linear actuators can produce a large amount of pressure, and therefore, can be used for heavy duty applications. Pneumatic linear actuators are powerful, compact, lightweight, very simply designed, and provide repeatable motion.
線性執(zhí)行器的缺點(diǎn)
Disadvantages of Linear Actuators
雖然每種線性執(zhí)行器都有自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但也有缺點(diǎn)。例如，機(jī)械線性執(zhí)行器是嚴(yán)格手動(dòng)的，無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化。壓電線性執(zhí)行器速度慢，只能在小區(qū)域內(nèi)移動(dòng)，價(jià)格昂貴，需要高電壓才能有效，并且需要輔助力將軸推回到其初始位置。
While each linear actuator has its own advantages, each also has its disadvantages. For example, mechanical linear actuators are strictly manual and cannot be automated. Piezoelectric linear actuators are slow, can only move across small areas, are very expensive, require a high voltage to be effective, and require a secondary force to push the shaft back into its initial position.
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