美國海洋油氣作業(yè)中需關注的相關安全信息
近海石油和天然氣行業(yè)為美國的勞動力提供了數(shù)千個工作崗位。 分散在墨西哥灣沿岸的這些工作所支持的許多家庭都了解在海上石油和天然氣行業(yè)工作所帶來的明顯的安全問題。
The offshore oil and gas industry provides thousands of jobs to the United States' workforce. Many families supported by these jobs that are scattered along the Gulf Coast of Mexico understand the obvious safety concerns that come with working in the offshore oil and gas industry.
誰負責監(jiān)管和執(zhí)行海上石油和天然氣作業(yè)的安全規(guī)則？
WHO REGULATES AND ENFORCES SAFETY RULES OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS?
安全與環(huán)境執(zhí)法局 (“BSEE”) 負責監(jiān)管和執(zhí)行海上石油和天然氣作業(yè)的安全規(guī)則。 BSEE 的部分職責是保存有關違規(guī)事件的詳細信息。 當在海上工業(yè)中發(fā)現(xiàn)違規(guī)或不合規(guī)事件 (INC) 時，BSEE 將發(fā)出警告或關閉。 當安全違規(guī)不嚴重或沒有威脅時，會發(fā)出警告。 可以針對單個組件（設施的一部分）或整個設施發(fā)出關閉通知。 在允許操作員繼續(xù)相關活動之前，必須糾正違規(guī)行為。
The Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement ("BSEE") regulates and enforces safety rules of offshore oil and gas operations. Part of the BSEE's responsibilities is to keep detailed information regarding incidents of non-compliance. When a violation or incident of noncompliance (INC) is discovered in the offshore industry, the BSEE will issue a warning or a shut-in. A warning is issued when the safety violation is not severe or threatening. A shut-in can be issued for a single component (a portion of the facility) or the entire facility. The violation must be corrected before the operator is allowed to continue the activity in question.
除了警告或停工外，被發(fā)現(xiàn)違反安全規(guī)定的雇主如果出現(xiàn)以下情況，每天每次違規(guī)可被處以最高 42,017 美元的罰款：
(1) 運營商未能在 INC 規(guī)定的合理時間內(nèi)糾正違規(guī)行為；
(2) 違法行為導致對人類生命或環(huán)境造成嚴重傷害或破壞的威脅。
In addition to a warning or shutin, an employer who is found to be in violation of safety regulations can be fined up to $42,017 per violation per day if:
(1) the operator fails to correct the violation in the reasonable amount of time specifled on the INC;
(2) the violation resulted in a threat of serious harm or damage to human life or the environment.
在 INC 報告完成后，BSEE 通常會召集一個小組來調(diào)查導致死亡、嚴重傷害等事件。在小組調(diào)查結束時，BSEE 將出具一份報告，解釋事故發(fā)生的原因和方式、事故原因、任何可能違反的監(jiān)管要求，并提出防止事故再次發(fā)生的建議。
After an INC report is made, the BSEE typically convenes a panel to investigate incidents that result in death, serious injury...." At the conclusion of the panel's investigation, BSEE will produce a report explaining why and how an accident occurred, the causes of the incident, any possible regulatory requirements that were violated, and offer recommendations to prevent a recurrence.
海上石油和天然氣作業(yè)中的致命傷害
FATAL INJURIES IN OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS
另一個涉及海上石油和天然氣行業(yè)事件的機構是美國疾病控制與預防中心 (“CDC”)。 2013 年，CDC 進行了一項關于參與海上石油和天然氣作業(yè)的工人中致命傷害的數(shù)量和百分比的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)研究。 在這項研究中，CDC 發(fā)現(xiàn)在 2003 年至 2010 年間，有 128 名離岸工人卷入了致命事故。 根據(jù) CDC 的研究，美國每年平均有 16 起與海上石油和天然氣作業(yè)相關的死亡事件——除了其中一例外，其他所有死亡事件都發(fā)生在墨西哥灣。
Another agency involved in offshore oil and gas industry incidents is the Center for Disease Control and Prevention ("CDC"). In 2013 the CDC conducted a study regarding statistics about the number and percentage of fatal injuries among workers involved in offshore oil and gas operations. In this study, the CDC discovered that 128 offshore workers were involved in fatal accidents between 2003-2010. According to the CDC's study, there are on average 16 fatalities each year relating to offshore oil and gas operations in the United States-all but one of these fatalities took place in the Gulf of Mexico.
海上事故的常見原因
Common Causes of Offshore Accidents
? 設備損壞
? 接觸導致燒傷、呼吸道疾病或死亡的危險化學品或煙霧
? 接觸電氣危險
? 暴露在高壓設備中
? 未能制定或?qū)嵤┌踩?/p>
? 故障、過時或有缺陷的設備和機器導致故障或其他問題
? 設備設施維護不當
? 警告標志不足
? 人力或人員不足
? 疏忽的培訓或監(jiān)督
? 石油鉆井平臺爆炸和火災
? 濕滑的條件
? Damaged equipment
? Exposure to dangerous chemicals or fumes that lead to burns, respiratory disease, or death
? Exposure to electrical hazards
? Exposure to highly pressurized equipment
? Failure to create or implement safety policies
? Failing, outdated or defective equipment and machinery that lead to breakdowns or other problems
? Improper maintenance of equipment and facilities
? Inadequate warning signs
? Inadequate manpower or personnel for the job
? Negligent training or supervision
? Oilrig explosions and fires
? Slippery conditions
來源：SAFETY CONCERNS INTHE OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
鏈接：https://www.morrowsheppard.com/blog/safety-concerns-in-the-offshore-oil-and-gas-industry/
