如何為應(yīng)用選擇線性執(zhí)行器（中英文）
“線性執(zhí)行器”是一個(gè)涵蓋多種不同類型設(shè)備的廣義術(shù)語。為特定應(yīng)用選擇最佳設(shè)備的過程取決于用戶的勤奮研究和開發(fā)實(shí)踐。很難比較線性執(zhí)行器制造商之間的規(guī)格，因?yàn)樾袠I(yè)內(nèi)幾乎沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。每種類型的線性執(zhí)行器都滿足不同的設(shè)計(jì)要求。
線性執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)中還可以使用多種不同類型的電機(jī)。這些包括直流有刷電機(jī)、直流無刷電機(jī)、伺服電機(jī)、步進(jìn)電機(jī)，在某些情況下，甚至包括交流感應(yīng)電機(jī)。應(yīng)用要求和執(zhí)行器設(shè)計(jì)移動(dòng)的負(fù)載將決定最佳電機(jī)選項(xiàng)。例如，使用驅(qū)動(dòng)導(dǎo)螺桿的一體式馬力交流感應(yīng)電機(jī)的線性執(zhí)行器可用于驅(qū)動(dòng)煉油廠中的大型閥門。在這種情況下，不需要極高的精度和高分辨率（低至千分之一英寸），但高力和速度對于應(yīng)用至關(guān)重要。
對于實(shí)驗(yàn)室儀器、機(jī)器人、光學(xué)和激光設(shè)備或 X-Y 工作臺中使用的機(jī)電線性執(zhí)行器，精細(xì)分辨率（以微米為單位）和高精度可能需要使用帶有細(xì)螺距導(dǎo)螺桿的分?jǐn)?shù)馬力步進(jìn)電機(jī)線性執(zhí)行器。由于機(jī)電線性執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)存在許多變化，因此了解所有設(shè)計(jì)要求和應(yīng)用限制對于正確選擇至關(guān)重要。
以下是選擇線性執(zhí)行器的指南，將逐步幫助用戶完成整個(gè)過程。仔細(xì)考慮每個(gè)步驟，能夠縮小選擇范圍。
"Linear actuator" is a broad term covering many different types of devices. The process of selecting the best device for a specific application is dependent upon the user's diligent research and development practices. It is difficult to compare the specifications between linear actuator manufacturers, as there is very little standardization within the industry. Each type of linear actuator fulfills a different set of design requirements.
There are many different types of motors that can be used in a linear actuator system as well. These include DC Brush, DC Brushless, Servo, Stepper, and in some cases, even AC induction motors. The application requirements and the loads the actuator is designed to move will dictate the best motor option. For example, a linear actuator using an integral horsepower AC induction motor driving a lead screw can be used to actuate a large valve in a refinery. In this case, extreme accuracy and high resolution (down to a thousandth of an inch) would not be required, but high force and speed are critical to the application.
For electromechanical linear actuators used in laboratory instrumentation, robotics, optical and laser equipment, or X-Y tables, fine resolution (measured in microns) and high accuracy may require the use of a fractional horsepower stepper motor linear actuator with a fine pitch lead screw. Because there are many variations in the electromechanical linear actuator system, it is critical to understand all design requirements and application constraints for the proper selection.
The following is a guideline to the selection of the linear actuator, and will assist you through the process step by step. Carefully consider each step and you will be able to narrow down your choice.
開始之前
BEFORE YOU START
重要說明：線性執(zhí)行器用于眾多行業(yè)的各種應(yīng)用，包括醫(yī)療設(shè)備、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械、高壓開關(guān)設(shè)備、火車和公共汽車門以及工廠流程和裝配機(jī)械。典型用例包括醫(yī)療床、病人升降機(jī)、輪椅、可調(diào)節(jié)桌子和工作站、診斷等等。每種線性執(zhí)行器應(yīng)用都有獨(dú)特的要求。
世界各地的制造商提供無數(shù)種型號的線性執(zhí)行器，行程大小、速度、電壓和類型各異。由于有如此多的制造商、型號和選項(xiàng)可供選擇，為應(yīng)用選擇合適的線性執(zhí)行器可能是一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)。當(dāng)聯(lián)系制造商尋求線性執(zhí)行器的應(yīng)用幫助時(shí)，請準(zhǔn)備好提供盡可能多的應(yīng)用要求，包括計(jì)劃使用線性執(zhí)行器的環(huán)境。大多數(shù)線性執(zhí)行器都是為高速、高強(qiáng)度或兩者之間的折衷而制造的。
Important notes: Linear actuators are used in a variety of applications across numerous industries, including medical equipment, agriculture machinery, high-voltage switch gears, train and bus doors, and factory processes and assembly machinery. Typical use cases include medical beds, patient lifters, wheelchairs, adjustable tables and workstations, diagnostics, to name a few. Each linear actuator application has unique requirements.
Manufacturers throughout the world offer innumerable models of linear actuators in a wide variety of stroke sizes, speeds, voltage and types. With the availability of so many manufacturers, models and options, selecting the right linear actuator for your application can be a daunting task. When contacting a manufacturer for application assistance for a linear actuator, please be prepared to provide as many of the application requirements as possible, including the environment in which you plan to use the linear actuator. Most linear actuators are built either for high speed, high force, or a compromise between the two.
啟動(dòng)流程
Starting the Process
第一步：基礎(chǔ)知識
Step One: The Basics
與知識淵博且經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的供應(yīng)商盡可能詳細(xì)地描述和討論應(yīng)用。在此階段，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注負(fù)載、執(zhí)行器以及功率和控制的基本規(guī)格。在考慮特定應(yīng)用的線性執(zhí)行器時(shí)，最重要的規(guī)格是：行程距離、速度、力、精度和壽命要求。線性執(zhí)行器應(yīng)用的其他方面將有助于確定選擇哪些產(chǎn)品。在開始選擇過程之前，必須回答以下問題：
Describe and discuss the application in as much detail as possible with a knowledgeable and experienced supplier. At this stage, focus on basic specifications for load, actuator, and power and control. When considering a linear actuator for a specific application, the most important specifications are: travel distance, speed, force, accuracy and lifetime requirements. Other aspects of the linear actuator application will help determine which products to choose. The following questions must be answered before the selection process can start:
? 使用哪種類型的能源？空氣、液體還是電力？回答這個(gè)問題將排除許多制造商和線性執(zhí)行器類型。
What type of energy source will you use? Air, fluid, electricity? Answering this question will eliminate many manufacturers and linear actuator types.
? 確定所需的力。這可能是要舉起的物體的重量或需要克服的摩擦力。執(zhí)行器需要多大的力（以牛頓或磅力為單位）以及在哪些方向（推、拉、垂直和/或水平）移動(dòng)？（力是最大和平均動(dòng)態(tài)負(fù)載的函數(shù)。）排除任何無法產(chǎn)生足夠力的線性執(zhí)行器。
Determine the amount of force required. This may be the weight of an object you are lifting or friction that needs to be overcome. How much force (in newtons or pounds-force) and in what directions (push, pull, vertical, and/or horizontal) will the actuator need to move? (Force is a function of maximum and average dynamic loads.) Rule out any linear actuators that are not capable of producing enough force.
? 速度：執(zhí)行器需要以多快的速度移動(dòng)（毫米/秒或英寸/秒）？確定需要以多快的速度移動(dòng)；可以排除任何速度過快或過慢的線性執(zhí)行器。確定速度與第一步中的力相結(jié)合將為用戶提供所需的機(jī)械功率。
Speed: How fast (millimeters/second or inches/second) will the actuator need to move? Decide how fast you need to move; you can rule out any linear actuators that are too fast or too slow. Determining the speed combined with the force from step one will give you the mechanical power required.
? 距離：定義執(zhí)行器需要移動(dòng)的距離，也稱為行程長度。盡可能選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)目錄選項(xiàng)。執(zhí)行器需要移動(dòng)多遠(yuǎn)？這將考慮行程和縮回長度，通常以毫米表示。特殊要求通常更昂貴。
重要提示：請記住，行程越長，線性執(zhí)行器完全縮回時(shí)就越長。如果需要適應(yīng)現(xiàn)有空間，這一點(diǎn)尤其重要。
Distance: Define how far your actuator needs to travel, also known as the stroke length. Whenever possible, select the standard catalog options. How far will the actuator need to move? This will factor in both the stroke and retracted lengths and is usually expressed in millimeters. Special requirements are generally more costly.
Important: Keep in mind that the longer the stroke, the longer the linear actuator will be when fully retracted. This is especially important if you need to fit into an existing space.
? 占空比：執(zhí)行器運(yùn)行的頻率是多少，兩次運(yùn)行之間間隔多長時(shí)間？（這指的是“占空比”，它基于單位時(shí)間內(nèi)預(yù)期的重復(fù)次數(shù)，單位是小時(shí)/天、分鐘/小時(shí)和/或沖程/分鐘。）檢查其余選擇的占空比額定值。除高端伺服裝置外，大多數(shù)線性執(zhí)行器可能無法連續(xù)運(yùn)行，否則會(huì)過熱。
Duty Cycle: How often will the actuator operate, and how much time will elapse between operations? (This refers to the "duty cycle," which will be based on the number of expected repetitions per unit of time in hours/day, minutes/hour, and/or strokes/minute.) Check the duty cycle rating of your remaining choices. Except for high-end servo units, most linear actuators may not operate continuously without overheating.
? 需要考慮的選項(xiàng)：電源選項(xiàng)有哪些（電機(jī)還是電池）？電池供電應(yīng)用可能需要額定電壓與電池電壓相同的直流電機(jī)。但是，交流供電應(yīng)用不一定需要交流電機(jī)，因?yàn)榻涣麟姾苋菀邹D(zhuǎn)換為任何直流電壓。在選擇內(nèi)置限位開關(guān)和位置反饋設(shè)備（如電位器和編碼器）等選項(xiàng)時(shí)要靈活。例如，請考慮限位開關(guān)通?？梢圆⑷胗脩舻臋C(jī)構(gòu)的一部分，而不是作為執(zhí)行器本身的一部分。
Options to consider: What are the power supply options (motor vs. battery)? A battery-powered application will probably require a DC motor rated the same as the battery voltage. However, an AC powered application does not necessarily need an AC motor because AC is fairly easily converted to any DC voltage. Be flexible when choosing options such as built-in limit switches and position feedback devices such as potentiometers and encoders. Consider that limit switches, for example, can often be incorporated into part of your mechanism rather than being part of the actuator itself.
? 環(huán)境考慮因素：環(huán)境因素（溫度變化、濕度、振動(dòng)或最終產(chǎn)品沖擊）是否會(huì)對操作造成挑戰(zhàn)？大多數(shù)線性執(zhí)行器可以在室內(nèi)環(huán)境中良好運(yùn)行，但惡劣的室外條件、極端溫度或浸沒會(huì)極大地限制產(chǎn)品選擇。有時(shí)，為設(shè)備提供一些外部保護(hù)比找到具有滿足所有其他要求的適當(dāng)入口保護(hù)等級的設(shè)備更容易。
Environmental Considerations: Will environmental factors (temperature variations, moisture, vibration, or end-product shock) pose a challenge to operation? Most linear actuators can operate well in an indoor environment, but harsh outdoor conditions, extreme temperatures or submersion will drastically limit your product choices. Sometimes it is easier to provide some external protection to the unit rather than find one with the proper ingress protection rating that meets all your other requirements.
縮小線性執(zhí)行器的選擇范圍
Narrowing Down the Selection of the Linear Actuator
仔細(xì)檢查線性執(zhí)行器應(yīng)用可幫助消除代價(jià)高昂的錯(cuò)誤，并提供最佳的系統(tǒng)性能。
Careful review of your linear actuator application can help to eliminate costly mistakes and provide for optimal system performance.
第二步：超越基礎(chǔ)——需要考慮的選項(xiàng)
Step Two: Beyond the Basics – Options to Consider
當(dāng)系統(tǒng)針對應(yīng)用進(jìn)行定制時(shí)，具體要求將影響設(shè)計(jì)和制造過程。無論最終用途如何，設(shè)計(jì)執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)時(shí)，首先要確定基本需求，然后評估最終影響整個(gè)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的某些關(guān)鍵參數(shù)。
機(jī)電線性執(zhí)行器旨在實(shí)現(xiàn)和控制線性運(yùn)動(dòng)的精確性、效率、準(zhǔn)確度和可重復(fù)性。這些設(shè)備是液壓或氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器替代品，實(shí)用、高效且相對免維護(hù)。根據(jù)類型和制造商的不同，當(dāng)今的機(jī)電線性執(zhí)行器可以處理高達(dá) 3,000 磅（13 千牛頓）的負(fù)載，速度高達(dá) 6 英寸/秒（150 毫米/秒），行程范圍從 2 英寸（50 毫米）到 60 英寸（1,500 毫米）。執(zhí)行器可以獨(dú)立安裝在鋁、鋅或聚合物外殼中，并可隨時(shí)安裝，方便插入操作（使用交流或直流電源）。
此外，執(zhí)行器采用模塊化設(shè)計(jì)和開放式架構(gòu)，可根據(jù)規(guī)格互換內(nèi)部和外部組件。請注意，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組件（包括所使用的驅(qū)動(dòng)螺桿、電機(jī)、前后附件、控制器和限位開關(guān)的類型）將允許進(jìn)行所需的定制，而無需支付通常與特殊修改相關(guān)的成本。
When a system is tailored for an application, the specific requirements will influence both the design and the manufacturing processes. Regardless of end use, an actuation system is designed by first identifying basic needs, and then evaluating certain key parameters that ultimately affect the overall system operation.
Electromechanical linear actuators are designed to provide precision, efficiency, accuracy, and repeatability in effecting and controlling linear movement. These devices serve as practical, efficient, and relatively maintenance-free alternatives to their hydraulic or pneumatic actuator counterparts. Depending on type and manufacturer, today's electromechanical linear actuators can handle loads of up to 3,000 pounds (13 kilonewtons) and deliver speeds of up to 6 inches/second (150 millimeters/second), with strokes ranging from 2 inches (50 millimeters) to 60 inches (1,500 millimeters). Actuators can be self-contained in aluminum, zinc, or polymer housings and ready to mount for easy plug-in operation (using either AC or DC power supplies).
What's more, actuators featuring both modular design and open architecture enable interchangeable internal and external components, according to specifications. Please note that standard components, including the types of drive screws, motors, front and rear attachments, controls, and limit switches used, will allow for desired customization without the costs typically associated with special modifications.
注意：在每種機(jī)電執(zhí)行器應(yīng)用中起關(guān)鍵作用的具體參數(shù)包括：輸入電功率、占空比和執(zhí)行器效率。回答以下問題將幫助進(jìn)一步定義線性執(zhí)行器：
Note: The specific parameters that play a crucial role in every electromechanical actuator application are the: electrical power in, duty cycle, and actuator efficiency. Answering the following questions will help you to define the linear actuator further:
1. 最終產(chǎn)品的預(yù)期使用壽命是多少？（這些答案幾乎會(huì)影響線性執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)中的每個(gè)組件。）
2. 執(zhí)行器將如何安裝？前部和/或后部安裝是否需要特殊配置？
3. 應(yīng)用是否建議使用特定的安全機(jī)制（例如，緊急情況下使用的“手動(dòng)操作器”）？
4. 空間是否有限？（如果是，則必須將執(zhí)行器設(shè)計(jì)為適合特定的占地面積。）
5. 如果使用電機(jī)，其類型（交流、直流或特殊）和電壓是什么？
6. 是否需要速度和/或位置反饋？（這將表明需要附加組件，例如編碼器。）
1. What is the desired lifetime for the end product? (Those answers will impact virtually every component within a linear actuator system.)
2. How will the actuator be mounted? Will front and/or back mounts require special configurations?
3. Does the application suggest particular safety mechanisms (e.g., "manual operators" for use in case of emergency)?
4. Is space limited? (If so, the actuator will have to be designed to fit in a specific footprint.)
5. If a motor is utilized, what is its type (AC, DC, or special) and voltage?
6. Is feedback required for speed and/or position? (This will indicate a need for add-on components, such as encoders.)
第三步：功率因數(shù)
Step Three: The Power Factor
線性執(zhí)行器是一種利用外部能源產(chǎn)生線性運(yùn)動(dòng)的裝置。就所使用的能源而言，它可以是壓電、氣動(dòng)、液壓、機(jī)械、機(jī)電等。線性執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)借鑒了電氣和機(jī)械工程學(xué)科的原理。因此，功率（以瓦特為單位）通常是計(jì)算的第一個(gè)要求。為了從電動(dòng)線性執(zhí)行器中獲得機(jī)械功率，必須將電力輸入系統(tǒng)。機(jī)械功率輸出通常是兩者中更容易定義的，因?yàn)橛?jì)算所需的只是力或?qū)⒁苿?dòng)的負(fù)載以及所需的速度。
如果參數(shù)采用公制 (SI) 單位，則將力（以牛頓為單位）乘以速度（以毫米/秒為單位）以獲得瓦特。（要將磅轉(zhuǎn)換為牛頓，請乘以 4.448；要將英寸轉(zhuǎn)換為毫米，請乘以 25.4。）
A linear actuator is a device that produces linear motion by utilizing some external energy source. As far as the source of energy used is concerned, it can be piezoelectric, pneumatic, hydraulic, mechanical, electro-mechanical, etc. A linear actuator system draws principles from both electrical and mechanical engineering disciplines. Consequently, power (defined in Watts) is usually the first requirement to be calculated. In order to get mechanical power out of an electric linear actuator, it is necessary to put electrical power into the system. Mechanical power out is usually the easier of the two to define because all that is needed for its calculation is the force, or the load that will be moved, and the speed required.
If the parameters are in metric (SI) units, multiply the force (in Newtons) by the speed (in millimeters/second) to obtain Watts. (To convert pounds to Newtons, multiply by 4.448; to convert inches to millimeters, multiply by 25.4.)
機(jī)械功率輸出 (P0)：
Mechanical power out (P0):
P0 = F x v
F = Force (N)
v = Velocity (meters/sec)
可以通過供應(yīng)商規(guī)格表中的性能圖和圖表確定有關(guān)電力的信息。供應(yīng)商以不同的方式繪制這些信息的圖表，但通常情況下，都有力與速度和力與特定電壓下的電流消耗的圖表。這些數(shù)據(jù)通常以兩張圖的形式呈現(xiàn)，或合并為一張。電流消耗也可以以表格形式呈現(xiàn)。此外，還將根據(jù)占空比曲線給出系數(shù)。相關(guān)公式如下：可以通過供應(yīng)商規(guī)格表中的性能圖和圖表確定有關(guān)電力的信息。供應(yīng)商以不同的方式繪制這些信息的圖表，但通常情況下，都有力與速度和力與特定電壓下的電流消耗的圖表。這些數(shù)據(jù)通常以兩張圖的形式呈現(xiàn)，或合并為一張。電流消耗也可以以表格形式呈現(xiàn)。此外，還將根據(jù)占空比曲線給出系數(shù)。相關(guān)公式如下：
Information regarding electrical power can be ascertained through performance graphs and charts from suppliers' specification sheets. Suppliers chart this information differently, but more often than not, there are graphs for force vs. speed and force vs. current draw at a specified voltage. This data is often presented in two graphs or combined in one. The current draw may also be presented in tabular form. In addition, factors will be given based on a duty-cycle curve. The relevant formula is as follows:
電功率（Pi）：
Electrical power in (Pi):
Pi = E x I
E = Voltage (V)
I = Current (A)
第四步：計(jì)算占空比
Step Four: Calculating Duty Cycle
用戶需要確定占空比因子（有時(shí)稱為“降額因子”）。占空比很重要。有時(shí)，初步的執(zhí)行器選擇可能無法滿足應(yīng)用程序的所有操作要求。占空比既表示執(zhí)行器的操作頻率，也表示操作之間的時(shí)間間隔。由于效率低下的功率會(huì)以熱量的形式消散，因此允許溫度最低的執(zhí)行器組件（通常是電機(jī)）為整個(gè)線性執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)確定了占空比限制。請注意：變速箱中的摩擦以及滾珠絲杠和梯形絲杠驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)會(huì)產(chǎn)生一些熱量損失。
為了演示如何計(jì)算占空比，假設(shè)執(zhí)行器上下累計(jì)運(yùn)行 10 秒，然后停止運(yùn)行 40 秒。占空比為 10/(40+10)，即 20%。如果增加占空比，則必須降低負(fù)載或速度。相反，如果負(fù)載或速度降低，占空比可能會(huì)增加。如果在機(jī)器或生產(chǎn)設(shè)備上使用線性執(zhí)行器，則占空比相對容易確定。在其他不太可預(yù)測的應(yīng)用或線性執(zhí)行器不經(jīng)常使用的應(yīng)用中，建議估計(jì)最壞情況，以便分配有意義的占空比計(jì)算。不建議在制造商功率曲線的邊緣運(yùn)行，因?yàn)檫@可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致線性執(zhí)行器和其他組件運(yùn)行過熱。但是，在某些占空比為 10% 或更低的應(yīng)用中，執(zhí)行器可以運(yùn)行到其功率曲線的極限。
Users will want to establish the duty-cycle factor (sometimes called the "derating factor"). Duty cycle is important. Sometimes the preliminary actuator selection may not meet all of an application's operating requirements. The duty cycle indicates both how often an actuator will operate and how much time there is between operations. Because the power lost to inefficiency dissipates as heat, the actuator component with the lowest allowable temperature (usually this is the motor) establishes the duty-cycle limit for the complete linear actuator system. Please note: There are some heat losses from friction in a gearbox, and via ball-screw and acme-screw drive systems.
To demonstrate how the duty cycle is calculated, assume an actuator runs for 10 seconds cumulative, up and down, and then doesn't run for another 40 seconds. The duty cycle is 10/(40+10), or 20%. If duty cycle is increased, either load or speed must be reduced. Conversely, if either load or speed decreases, duty cycle can increase. The duty cycle is relatively easy to determine if a linear actuator is used on a machine or production device. In other, less predictable applications or those where the linear actuator will be used infrequently, it is advisable to estimate the worst-case scenario in order to assign a meaningful duty-cycle calculation. It is not advisable to operate on the edge of the manufacturer's power curves because this might cause the linear actuator and other components to run too hot. However, in some applications where the duty cycle is 10% or less, the actuator can run to the limit of its power curves.
第五步：確定“效率”和預(yù)期壽命
Step Five: Ascertaining 'Efficiency' and Expected Life
大多數(shù)制造商的文獻(xiàn)中通常沒有提及系統(tǒng)的“效率”，但它可以告訴用戶執(zhí)行器在運(yùn)行過程中可能變得多熱，如果執(zhí)行器使用滾珠絲杠，系統(tǒng)中是否應(yīng)指定保持制動(dòng)器，以及電池供電系統(tǒng)中電池的使用壽命等相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)。從性能曲線計(jì)算效率很簡單：用機(jī)械功率除以電功率。這樣就得出了效率百分比。
在計(jì)算這些因素并將決策轉(zhuǎn)向最終選擇的同時(shí)，還應(yīng)解決一個(gè)附加參數(shù)：應(yīng)用的預(yù)期壽命。雖然線性執(zhí)行器組件（例如電機(jī)或螺桿）可以更換，但大多數(shù)執(zhí)行器無法輕松修復(fù)。此外，涵蓋應(yīng)用預(yù)期壽命也很重要，因?yàn)楣?yīng)商有時(shí)會(huì)指出特定負(fù)載下的梯形或滾珠絲杠壽命，或包括基于應(yīng)用參數(shù)計(jì)算壽命的數(shù)學(xué)公式。一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐是努力使螺桿和電機(jī)的預(yù)期壽命盡可能接近。
在必須更換現(xiàn)有線性執(zhí)行器的情況下，請確保應(yīng)用工程師擁有所有必要信息，以確保執(zhí)行器良好配合。每當(dāng)需要更換線性執(zhí)行器時(shí)，建議像檢查新產(chǎn)品一樣檢查應(yīng)用。
A system's "efficiency" is usually missing from most manufacturers' literature, but it can tell the user how hot the actuator may get during operation, whether holding brakes should be specified in the system if the actuator uses a ball screw, and how long batteries may last in battery-powered systems, among other pertinent data. Calculating efficiency from performance curves is simple: divide mechanical power out by electrical power in. This yields the efficiency percentage.
While these factors are being calculated and decision making is moving toward final selection, one additional parameter should be addressed: the application's expected lifetime. Although linear actuator components (e.g., the motor or screw) can be replaced, most actuators cannot be easily repaired. In addition, it is important to cover application life expectancy because suppliers will sometimes indicate acme or ball screw life at a certain load, or include mathematical formulae to calculate life based on application parameters. A good design practice is to strive to have the screw and motor life expectancies match as closely as possible.
In those cases where an existing linear actuator must be replaced, ensure that the application engineer has all the necessary information to ensure a good fit. Whenever a linear actuator is subject to replacement, it is recommended to review the application as if it were new.
其他選擇考慮因素：預(yù)算和經(jīng)驗(yàn)
Other Selection Considerations: Budget and Experience
在心中清晰地了解線性執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)預(yù)算將有助于以實(shí)惠的價(jià)格選擇最佳產(chǎn)品。提前進(jìn)行預(yù)算規(guī)劃絕對可以為用戶節(jié)省大量選擇時(shí)間，因?yàn)榭梢韵恍τ趹?yīng)用來說太昂貴的類型。如前所述，有許多公司根據(jù)客戶的需求提供線性執(zhí)行器。選擇一家可靠的公司以獲得最佳執(zhí)行器功能和價(jià)格效果非常重要。
Having a clear picture of a linear actuator system budget in your mind will help in selecting the best product at an affordable price. Advanced budget planning can definitely save the user a lot of time in the selection process by eliminating some types that are too expensive for the application. As mentioned earlier, there are many companies providing linear actuators to the customers based on their requirements. It is important to choose a reliable company for the best results in terms of the actuator features and price.
與使用線性執(zhí)行器的運(yùn)動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的常見產(chǎn)品：與使用線性執(zhí)行器的運(yùn)動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的常見產(chǎn)品：
Common products associated with motion control systems using linear actuators:
交流電機(jī)：交流電機(jī)是一種由交流電驅(qū)動(dòng)的電動(dòng)機(jī)。交流電機(jī)用于將電能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能。這種機(jī)械能是利用流過其線圈的交流電產(chǎn)生的旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場所施加的力產(chǎn)生的。交流電機(jī)由兩個(gè)主要部件組成：位于外部并帶有交流電線圈的固定定子，以及連接到輸出軸的內(nèi)部轉(zhuǎn)子。
AC Motor: An AC Motor is an electric motor that is driven by alternating current. The AC Motor is used in the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is made from utilizing the force that is exerted by the rotating magnetic fields produced by the alternating current that flows through its coils. The AC Motor is made up of two major components: the stationary stator that is on the outside and has coils supplied with AC current, and the inside rotor that is attached to the output shaft.
制動(dòng)器：制動(dòng)器是一種阻止和減少機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)的裝置。制動(dòng)器接合時(shí)，它會(huì)“滑動(dòng)”直至驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)停止。制動(dòng)器脫開時(shí)，機(jī)構(gòu)可以自由旋轉(zhuǎn)。制動(dòng)器的原理類似于離合器。離合器將兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)連接起來以傳輸運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力，而制動(dòng)器將機(jī)構(gòu)“連接”到固定框架以減少運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力。制動(dòng)器：制動(dòng)器是一種阻止和減少機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)的裝置。制動(dòng)器接合時(shí)，它會(huì)“滑動(dòng)”直至驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)停止。制動(dòng)器脫開時(shí)，機(jī)構(gòu)可以自由旋轉(zhuǎn)。制動(dòng)器的原理類似于離合器。離合器將兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)連接起來以傳輸運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力，而制動(dòng)器將機(jī)構(gòu)“連接”到固定框架以減少運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力。
Brake: A brake is a device that resists and reduces the motion of a mechanism. When the brake is engaged, it "slips" until the driving mechanism stops. When the brake is disengaged, the mechanism can rotate freely. Brakes are similar in principle to clutches. A clutch couples two mechanisms in order to transmit motion and power, while a brake "couples" a mechanism to a fixed frame in order to reduce motion and power.
有刷直流電機(jī)：有刷直流電機(jī)是一種采用相對簡單設(shè)計(jì)的直流 (DC) 電機(jī)。有刷電機(jī)是一種利用電和磁場產(chǎn)生扭矩的電動(dòng)機(jī)，從而使電機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)。在最簡單的設(shè)計(jì)中，有刷電機(jī)需要兩個(gè)極性相反的磁鐵和一個(gè)電線圈，電線圈充當(dāng)電磁鐵。磁鐵的排斥力和吸引力電磁力提供扭矩，使有刷電機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)。
Brush DC Motor: A brush DC motor is a direct current (DC) motor that utilizes a relatively simple design. The brush motor is an electric motor that uses electricity and a magnetic field to produce torque, which rotates the motor. At its most simple design, a brush motor requires two magnets of opposite polarity and an electric coil, which acts as an electromagnet. The repellent and attractive electromagnetic forces of the magnets provide the torque that causes the brush motor to rotate.
無刷直流電機(jī) (BLDC)：無刷直流電機(jī)是一種由直流電 (DC) 驅(qū)動(dòng)的電動(dòng)機(jī)。雖然無刷直流電機(jī)通常比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電動(dòng)或有刷電機(jī)更昂貴，但它比其前身具有相當(dāng)大的優(yōu)勢。最值得注意的是，無刷直流電機(jī)比類似尺寸的有刷電機(jī)性能更好，磨損更少。
Brushless DC Motor (BLDC): A brushless DC motor is an electric motor powered by direct current (DC). Though typically more expensive than the standard electric or brushed motor, the brushless DC has considerable advantages over its predecessor. Most notably, a brushless DC motor boasts better performance and suffers less wear than brushed motors of similar size.
離合器：離合器是一種選擇性地在兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)（通常是旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)）之間傳輸動(dòng)力的裝置。當(dāng)離合器接合時(shí)，它會(huì)“滑動(dòng)”，直到兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)以相同的速度旋轉(zhuǎn)并傳輸動(dòng)力。當(dāng)離合器分離時(shí)，兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)脫鉤并允許以不同的速度旋轉(zhuǎn)。不傳輸動(dòng)力。離合器的原理類似于制動(dòng)器。在制動(dòng)器中，從動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)將連接到固定框架。
Clutch: A clutch is a device that transmits power between two mechanisms (usually rotating) selectively. When the clutch is engaged, it "slips" until the two mechanisms rotate at the same speed and power is transmitted. When the clutch is disengaged, the two mechanisms are de-coupled and allowed to rotate at different speeds. Power is not transmitted. Clutches are similar in principle to brakes. In a brake, the driven mechanism would be connected to a fixed frame.
扭矩限制器（Torq/Gard 和 Centric 離合器）用途：Centric 過載離合器和 Torq/Gard 離合器可在卡住負(fù)載條件下提供機(jī)器保護(hù)并減少維修時(shí)間。機(jī)械或氣動(dòng)扭矩限制器在多次過載后提供一致的扭矩水平。與摩擦式或剪切銷式扭矩限制器不同，Centric 過載離合器和 Torq/Gard 可以提供一種無需操作員干預(yù)即可重置扭矩的精確方法。單位置離合器每次都會(huì)重新接合到精確的旋轉(zhuǎn)位置。這對于時(shí)間至關(guān)重要的系統(tǒng)（例如裝瓶、包裝和紙張加工類型的應(yīng)用）通常是必要的。
Torque Limiter (Torq/Gard and Centric Clutches) Uses: Centric Overload Clutches and Torq/Gard Clutches provide machine protection and reduced repair time during jamming load conditions. Mechanical or pneumatic torque limiters provide consistent torque levels after many overloads. Unlike friction style or shear pin-type torque limiters, Centric Overload Clutches and Torq/Gard can provide an accurate method of resetting the torque with no operator intervention. A single position clutch will re-engage in the exact rotational position each time. This is often necessary for a system wherein timing is critical, such as bottling, packaging, and paper converting type applications.
聯(lián)軸器：聯(lián)軸器是一種連接兩個(gè)通常同軸（直列）軸的裝置，用于在軸之間傳輸動(dòng)力。聯(lián)軸器可以與離合器結(jié)合，用作離合器聯(lián)軸器或扭矩限制器。在高速下，聯(lián)軸器能夠以恒定速度傳輸高扭矩。某些類型的聯(lián)軸器可能能夠補(bǔ)償橫向、軸向和角度錯(cuò)位。
Coupling: A coupling is a device that connects two generally coaxial (inline) shafts at their ends in order to transmit power between them. A coupling can be incorporated with a clutch to serve as a clutch-coupling or a torque limiter. At high speeds, couplings are capable of transmitting high torque at a constant velocity. Certain types of couplings may be able to compensate for lateral, axial, and angular misalignments.
變速箱：變速箱是一種將能量從一個(gè)設(shè)備傳輸?shù)搅硪粋€(gè)設(shè)備的機(jī)械裝置。變速箱用于增加扭矩并降低速度。扭矩是通過彎曲或扭曲固體材料產(chǎn)生的功率。該術(shù)語通常與傳動(dòng)互換使用。變速箱：變速箱是一種將能量從一個(gè)設(shè)備傳輸?shù)搅硪粋€(gè)設(shè)備的機(jī)械裝置。變速箱用于增加扭矩并降低速度。扭矩是通過彎曲或扭曲固體材料產(chǎn)生的功率。該術(shù)語通常與傳動(dòng)互換使用。
Gearbox: A gearbox is a mechanical device that transfers energy from one device to another. A gearbox is used to increase torque while reducing speed. Torque is the power generated through the bending or twisting of a solid material. This term is often used interchangeably with transmission.
線性執(zhí)行器電機(jī)：線性執(zhí)行器電機(jī)是提供直線推拉動(dòng)力的電機(jī)。不同類型的線性執(zhí)行器電機(jī)用途廣泛：有些用于移動(dòng)工業(yè)機(jī)器上的工作臺，而有些更適合調(diào)節(jié)控制閥、驅(qū)動(dòng)物料搬運(yùn)設(shè)備、裝瓶和包裝以及機(jī)器人，以及在設(shè)備上來回移動(dòng)打印機(jī)和掃描儀頭。大型線性執(zhí)行器電機(jī)可以驅(qū)動(dòng)建筑設(shè)備上的鏟子和升降機(jī)。它們可用于家庭自動(dòng)化項(xiàng)目，例如提供音頻揚(yáng)聲器的振蕩運(yùn)動(dòng)、降低或升高電視機(jī)，以及用于某些太陽能系統(tǒng)。線性執(zhí)行器電機(jī)：線性執(zhí)行器電機(jī)是提供直線推拉動(dòng)力的電機(jī)。不同類型的線性執(zhí)行器電機(jī)用途廣泛：有些用于移動(dòng)工業(yè)機(jī)器上的工作臺，而有些更適合調(diào)節(jié)控制閥、驅(qū)動(dòng)物料搬運(yùn)設(shè)備、裝瓶和包裝以及機(jī)器人，以及在設(shè)備上來回移動(dòng)打印機(jī)和掃描儀頭。大型線性執(zhí)行器電機(jī)可以驅(qū)動(dòng)建筑設(shè)備上的鏟子和升降機(jī)。它們可用于家庭自動(dòng)化項(xiàng)目，例如提供音頻揚(yáng)聲器的振蕩運(yùn)動(dòng)、降低或升高電視機(jī)，以及用于某些太陽能系統(tǒng)。
Linear Actuator Motors: Linear actuator motors are motors that provide push and pull motive force in a straight line. There are many uses for many different types of linear actuator motors: some will be used to move work tables on industrial machines, while others are better suited to modulate control valves, drive material handling equipment, bottling and packaging and robotics, and move printer and scanner heads back and forth on equipment. Large linear actuator motors can drive shovels and lifts on construction equipment. They can be used for home automation projects, such as providing the oscillatory motion of audio loudspeakers, lowering or raising televisions, and in some solar energy systems.
線性導(dǎo)軌：線性導(dǎo)軌是一種機(jī)械線性運(yùn)動(dòng)軸承系統(tǒng)或線性滑塊，旨在提供自由運(yùn)動(dòng)。線性導(dǎo)軌有時(shí)也稱為線性致動(dòng)器。
Linear Guide: A linear guide is a mechanical linear motion bearing system or linear slide that is designed to provide free motion. Linear guides are sometimes referred to as linear actuators.
旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭：旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭或旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭是一種用于將流體和氣體從一處輸送到另一處的裝置，通常在高壓下進(jìn)行。此外，旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭設(shè)計(jì)用于鎖定輸入閥，同時(shí)旋轉(zhuǎn)或轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)以接通出口。許多旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭包含多個(gè)端口，其中一些設(shè)計(jì)用于同時(shí)處理不同類型的材料。
Rotary Union: A rotary union, or rotating union, is a device used to conduct fluids and gases from one point to another, often under high pressure. Additionally, a rotating union is designed to lock onto an input valve while rotating or swiveling to meet an outlet. Many rotary unions incorporate multiple ports, some of which are designed to handle different types of material simultaneously.
滑環(huán)：滑環(huán)（電氣工程術(shù)語）是一種通過旋轉(zhuǎn)組件進(jìn)行電氣連接的方法?；h(huán)也稱為旋轉(zhuǎn)電氣接口、旋轉(zhuǎn)電氣連接器、集電器、轉(zhuǎn)環(huán)或電氣旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭，通常用于交流系統(tǒng)和交流發(fā)電機(jī)的發(fā)電機(jī)以及包裝機(jī)械、電纜卷筒和風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)。兩個(gè)滑環(huán)中的一個(gè)連接到電樞繞組的一端，另一個(gè)連接到電樞繞組的另一端。
Slip Ring: A slip ring (in electrical engineering terms) is a method of making an electrical connection through a rotating assembly. Slip rings, also called rotary electrical interfaces, rotating electrical connectors, collectors, swivels, or electrical rotary joints, are commonly found in electrical generators for AC systems and alternators and in packaging machinery, cable reels, and wind turbines. One of the two rings is connected to one end of the armature winding and the other is connected to the other end of the armature winding.
伺服電機(jī)：伺服電機(jī)是一種使用誤差校正程序來校正其運(yùn)動(dòng)的自動(dòng)裝置。伺服一詞可用于伺服電機(jī)以外的系統(tǒng)：使用編碼器或其他反饋裝置等反饋機(jī)制來控制運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)的系統(tǒng)。通常，當(dāng)使用伺服一詞時(shí)，它適用于“伺服電機(jī)”，但也用作一般控制術(shù)語，這意味著使用反饋回路來定位物品。
Servo Motor: A servo motor is defined as an automatic device that uses an error-correction routine to correct its motion. The term servo can be applied to systems other than a servo motor: systems that use a feedback mechanism such as an encoder or other feedback device to control the motion parameters. Typically, when the term servo is used, it applies to a 'servo motor' but is also used as a general control term, meaning that a feedback loop is used to position an item.
步進(jìn)電機(jī)：步進(jìn)電機(jī)是一種電氣設(shè)備，它將電機(jī)的整個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)過程劃分為稱為步進(jìn)的各個(gè)部分。通常，步進(jìn)電機(jī)是無刷電機(jī)，以便于同步旋轉(zhuǎn)，并且無需在齒輪本身上輸入外部源即可運(yùn)行。簡而言之，步進(jìn)電機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)有電磁鐵，這些電磁鐵排列在軸周圍的特定位置，每個(gè)電磁鐵上都刻有齒。這些齒與齒輪本身上的齒相匹配。當(dāng)齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，一個(gè)部分與第一個(gè)電磁鐵的齒相匹配，使齒與另一個(gè)電磁鐵錯(cuò)開，并在旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)重復(fù)該動(dòng)作。步進(jìn)電機(jī)：步進(jìn)電機(jī)是一種電氣設(shè)備，它將電機(jī)的整個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)過程劃分為稱為步進(jìn)的各個(gè)部分。通常，步進(jìn)電機(jī)是無刷電機(jī)，以便于同步旋轉(zhuǎn)，并且無需在齒輪本身上輸入外部源即可運(yùn)行。簡而言之，步進(jìn)電機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)有電磁鐵，這些電磁鐵排列在軸周圍的特定位置，每個(gè)電磁鐵上都刻有齒。這些齒與齒輪本身上的齒相匹配。當(dāng)齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，一個(gè)部分與第一個(gè)電磁鐵的齒相匹配，使齒與另一個(gè)電磁鐵錯(cuò)開，并在旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)重復(fù)該動(dòng)作。
Stepper Motor: A stepper motor is an electrical device that divides the full rotation of the motor into individual parts called steps. Generally, stepper motors are brushless in order to facilitate a synchronous rotation and operate without the input of an external source on the gear itself. Simply stated, stepper motors are designed with electromagnets which are arranged in specific locations around the shaft, each engraved with teeth. These teeth match the teeth that are placed on the gear itself. As the gear rotates, one section matches with the teeth of the first electromagnet, offsetting the teeth from the other electromagnets, and repeating the action as it rotates.
工作臺/滑塊/工作臺：工作臺、滑塊、工作臺和線性致動(dòng)器這些術(shù)語經(jīng)?；Q使用，盡管它們之間存在顯著差異。Anaheim Automation 提供兩種類型的螺桿驅(qū)動(dòng)定位工作臺：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)螺桿驅(qū)動(dòng)工作臺和精密螺桿驅(qū)動(dòng)工作臺。一些線性工作臺采用無支撐導(dǎo)軌設(shè)計(jì)，而另一些線性工作臺采用支撐導(dǎo)軌設(shè)計(jì)，采用不銹鋼 400 系列精密軋制導(dǎo)螺桿，精度高達(dá) 0.003 英寸英尺，表面拋光，螺母為零間隙。這些螺桿驅(qū)動(dòng)工作臺（梯形和滾珠絲杠）可用作開環(huán)或閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)（其中步進(jìn)電機(jī)與編碼器組裝在一起）?？捎眠x項(xiàng)包括：輕型或重型配置、行程長度、歸位和限位開關(guān)以及導(dǎo)螺桿螺距。這些工作臺非常適合拾取和放置操作、圓形和線性插值、點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)、插銷、檢查和測試設(shè)備、雕刻、零件定位和組裝，具有極高的性價(jià)比。
Table/Slide/Stage: The terms table, slide, stage and linear actuator are often used inter-changeably, even though there are significant differences among them. Anaheim Automation carries two types of screw-driven positioning tables: standard screw-driven and precision screw-driven tables. Some linear tables are designed with unsupported rails and others with supported rails that utilize the stainless steel 400 series precision rolled lead screw, accurate up to 0.003"ft, with a burnished finish and a zero backlash nut. These screw-driven tables (acme and ball screw) are available as open-loop or closed-loop systems (wherein stepper motors are assembled with encoders). Available options are: light or heavy-duty configurations, travel lengths, homing and limit switches, and lead screw pitch. Ideal for pick-and-place operations, circular and linear interpolation, point-to-point motion, pin-insertion, inspection and test equipment, engraving, part positioning, and assembly, these tables yield a great cost/performance ratio.
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