氣彈簧及其工作原理介紹（中英文）
氣彈簧由一個(gè)裝有加壓氣體（氮?dú)猓┑匿撝茪飧缀鸵桓ㄟ^(guò)密封導(dǎo)軌滑入和滑出氣缸的桿組成。
A gas spring consists of a steel cylinder containing gas (nitrogen) under pressure and a rod which slides in and out of the cylinder through a sealed guide.
當(dāng)氣體因桿的收縮而壓縮時(shí)，它會(huì)產(chǎn)生力，就像彈簧一樣。與傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械彈簧（無(wú)論是螺旋彈簧、碟形墊圈還是橡膠彈簧）相比，氣彈簧即使在非常長(zhǎng)的行程中也具有幾乎平坦的力曲線。因此，它可用于需要與要舉起或移動(dòng)的重量成比例的力，或用于平衡可移動(dòng)重型設(shè)備的舉升。
最常見(jiàn)的應(yīng)用可見(jiàn)于車門、工業(yè)機(jī)械的保護(hù)外殼、家具門、醫(yī)療和健身器材、電動(dòng)百葉窗和天篷、底部鉸鏈天窗和超市銷售柜臺(tái)內(nèi)。
最簡(jiǎn)單的氣彈簧由氣缸 (C) 和活塞桿 (S) 組成，活塞 (P) 固定在活塞桿的末端，活塞通過(guò)密封的導(dǎo)軌完成氣缸 (C) 的壓縮和伸展循環(huán)。氣缸內(nèi)裝有加壓氮?dú)猓ㄒ?jiàn)箭頭）和油 (O)。在壓縮階段，氮?dú)馔ㄟ^(guò)通道 (F) 從活塞 (B) 下方流向上部 (A)。
When the gas is compressed by the retraction of the rod, it produces a force in return, acting like a spring. Compared to traditional mechanical springs (whether helicoidal, Belleville washers or rubber), the gas spring has an almost flat force curve even for very long strokes. It is therefore used wherever a force is required that is in proportion to the weight to be lifted or moved, or to counter-balance the lifting of movable, heavy equipment.
The most common applications may be seen on car doors, on protective casings of industrial machines, on furniture doors, in medical and fitness equipment, on motor- driven blinds and canopies, on bottom-hinged dormer windows and inside supermarket sales counters.
In its simplest version the gas spring consists of a cylinder (C) and a piston rod (S), on the end of which a piston (P) is anchored, which accomplishes cycles compression and extension of the cylinder (C) through a sealed guide. The cylinder contains nitrogen gas under pressure (see arrows) and oil (O). During the compression phase the nitrogen passes from below the piston (B) to the upper part (A) through channels (F).
在此階段，由于活塞桿進(jìn)入導(dǎo)致可用體積較小，氣缸內(nèi)的壓力上升，從而產(chǎn)生力增量（級(jí)數(shù)）。通過(guò)改變通道（F）的橫截面積，可以調(diào)整氣流以減慢或加快桿滑動(dòng)速度；通過(guò)改變氣缸/活塞桿直徑的組合、氣缸長(zhǎng)度和油量，可以改變級(jí)數(shù)。
During this phase the pressure inside the cylinder, due to the low volume available caused by the entering of the piston rod, is rising generating the force increment (progression). By varying the cross section of the channels (F) the gas flow may be adjusted to slowing down or to speed up the rod sliding speed; changing the combination of cylinder/piston rod diameters, the lenght of cylinder and the oil quantity the progression can be changed.
溫度
TEMPERATURE
溫度會(huì)影響氣彈簧的力。
它使氣缸中的氮?dú)馀蛎浕蚴湛s，由于變化發(fā)生在恒定體積下，這會(huì)導(dǎo)致內(nèi)部壓力增加或減少。氣彈簧力每攝氏度變化 0.36%（即每 10°C 變化 3.6%）。
例如：考慮標(biāo)準(zhǔn)運(yùn)動(dòng)溫度為 20°C 且力為 100N，則在 30°C 時(shí) F1=103.6N 等等。
Temperature influences the force of a gas spring.
It makes the nitrogen in the cylinder expand or contract and, since the variation occurs at a constant volume, this causes the internal pressure to increase or decrease. The gas spring force varies by 0,36% of each °C (it means 3,6% every 10°C).
Example: considering a standard exercise temperature of 20°C and a force of 100N, at 30°C F1=103,6N and so on.
制動(dòng)功能
BRAKING ACTION
一定量的油被引入氣彈簧氣缸：它不僅起到潤(rùn)滑密封的作用，而且當(dāng)油在活塞和導(dǎo)軌之間擴(kuò)散時(shí)，在桿伸展過(guò)程中會(huì)發(fā)揮減速作用，并確保更平穩(wěn)、無(wú)顛簸的運(yùn)動(dòng)。例如，在阻尼器范圍內(nèi)，油制動(dòng)作用會(huì)減慢翻板的向下打開(kāi)運(yùn)動(dòng)。（在這些情況下，不能使用氮?dú)猓?/p>
A certain quantity of oil is introduced into the gas spring cylinder: it not only serves to lubricate the seal, but when spread between piston and guide exerts a slowing-down action during rod extension and ensures a more gentle and joltless movement. For example in the dampers range the oil braking action slow down the downward opening movement of a flap. (in these cases the nitrogen may not be used).
在水平應(yīng)用、活塞桿位置高于氣缸的應(yīng)用（不建議）以及氣彈簧翻轉(zhuǎn)的應(yīng)用（即汽車掀背式）中，制動(dòng)作用不存在（活塞不接觸油）。這些情況下的制動(dòng)作用必須通過(guò)替代產(chǎn)品（動(dòng)態(tài)阻尼氣彈簧）來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。
In the horizontal applications, applications where the piston rod is in a higher position than the cylinder (not suggested), applications where the gas spring overturn (i.e. hatchback of a car) the braking action is not present (piston do not meet the oil). The braking action in these cases has to be reached with an alternative product (Dynamic Damping Gas Spring).
氣彈簧的力
THE FORCE OF THE GAS SPRING
氣彈簧的力由圓柱形氣缸中的氮?dú)鈱?duì)桿段施加的壓力決定。
通過(guò)將不同直徑的桿與合適體積的氣缸組裝在一起，通過(guò)作用于氣體輸入壓力并調(diào)整活塞上的通道或引入更大量的油，除了所需的力之外，還可以獲得氣彈簧的各種操作配置，以滿足廣泛的用戶要求。
彈簧力（F1）是在室溫約 20°C 下用特殊測(cè)力計(jì)測(cè)量的，桿壓縮約 10 毫米，密封件無(wú)摩擦；測(cè)量單位為 N（牛頓），它是定義彈簧特性時(shí)通常引用的靜態(tài)（FS）值。
The force of a gas spring is determined by the pressure that the nitrogen in the cylindrical cylinder exerts on the section of the rod.
By assembling rods of different dyameters with cylinder of suitable volume, by acting on the gas input pressure and adjusting the channels on the piston or by introducing a greater quantity of oil, various operating configurations of the gas spring may be obtained in addition to the required force in order to satisfy a wide range of user requirements.
The force of the spring (F1) is measured with a special dynamometer at a room temperature of approx. 20 °C with the rod compressed by about 10 mm and free from friction by the seal; the measure is given in N (Newton) and it is a static (FS) value normally referred to when defining the characteristics of a spring.
其他組件與該基本值相互作用，在彈簧的“動(dòng)態(tài)”階段尤其明顯。這種摩擦產(chǎn)生的阻力作用于桿運(yùn)動(dòng)的反方向，其值可在 20 到 50 牛頓之間變化，并加到或減去上述“靜態(tài)”力。這種差異稱為摩擦力，用 FR 表示。
圖中閉合力用 F3 表示，開(kāi)啟力用 F1 表示。可以看出，F(xiàn)3 和 F1 分別高于和低于表示“靜態(tài)”力 FM 的平均線。F3 和 F1 之間的差異是摩擦力 FR。F2 和 F1 之間的差異是氣彈簧的進(jìn)展。
Other components interact with this basic value and become especially noticeable in the “dynamic” phase of the spring. The resistance exerted by such friction acts in the opposite direction to the rod movement, it has a value that can vary form 20 to 50 Newton and is added or subtracted to the above-mentioned “static” force. This difference is called friction and is indicated wih FR.
The closing force is indicated in the graph by F3 and the opening force by F1. It can be seen that F3 and F1 are higher and lower respectively than the average line which identifies the “static” force FM. The difference between F3 and F1 is the friction FR. The difference between F2 and F1 is the progression of the gas spring.
力的計(jì)算
CALCULATION OF THE FORCE
計(jì)算氣彈簧力與應(yīng)用相關(guān)的公式
Formula to calculate the force of a gas spring in relation to the application
F1={[( M X D) : L] : NM } + (10% ~ 15%)
F1：彈簧抵抗被移動(dòng)物體重量的力，以矢量表示；在這種情況下，F(xiàn)1 以千克為單位，必須將其乘以 9.81 后轉(zhuǎn)換為牛頓。
F1: Force of the spring which opposes the weight of the object to be moved, shown as vector; in this case, F1 is expressed in kg and have to be transformed in Newton multiplying the value obtained by 9.81.
M：被提升物體的重量（以千克為單位），以矢量表示。
M: Weight in kg of the object to be lifted, shown as vector.
D：水平測(cè)量重心 B 和旋轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn) O 之間的距離（以毫米為單位）。
D: Distance in mm measured horizontally between the center of gravity B and the point of rotation O.
B：被提升物體重量的作用點(diǎn)；它對(duì)應(yīng)于重心。
B: Point of application of the weight of the object to be lifted; it corresponds to the center of gravity.
O：移動(dòng)物體的支點(diǎn)和旋轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn)。
O: Fulcrum and point of rotation of the mobile object.
L：氣彈簧工作臂的長(zhǎng)度（以毫米為單位）；它對(duì)應(yīng)于連接件 S 或連接件 C 與旋轉(zhuǎn)中心 O 之間的最小距離；大多數(shù)情況下它等于氣彈簧的行程，在任何情況下都不能更大。
L: Length in mm of the gas spring working arm; it corresponds to the least distance between attachment S or attachment C and the center of rotation O; most of the time it is equal to the stroke of the gas spring and in any case cannot be greater.
S：氣彈簧與固定部件的連接點(diǎn)。
S: Point of attachment of the gas spring to the fixed part.
C：氣彈簧與移動(dòng)部件的連接點(diǎn)。
C: Point of attachment of the gas spring to the mobile part.
nm：應(yīng)用中使用的氣彈簧數(shù)量（1、2 或更多）。
nm: Number of gas springs to be used in the application (1, 2 or more).
公式中包含了 10-15% 的增幅，因?yàn)閺椈傻牧κ噶坎黄叫杏谝鸬奈矬w的重量矢量方向，也是為了補(bǔ)償系統(tǒng)中的任何摩擦，這會(huì)降低彈簧力的效率。
An increase of 10-15% is included in the formula, since the force vector of the spring is not parallel to the direction of the weight vector of the object to be lifted and also to compensate for any friction in the system which would detract from the efficiency of the spring force.
示例
Examples
示例 1
EXAMPLE 1
在此示例中（典型應(yīng)用：提升櫥柜和隔間門），點(diǎn) S 應(yīng)位于距離櫥柜/隔間邊界 30/40 毫米的位置，以防止門在關(guān)閉時(shí)猛烈撞擊。
In this example (typical application: lifting of cabinet and compartment doors) point S should be placed 30/40 mm away from the cabinet/compartment border to prevent the door from slamming when it closes.
示例 2
EXAMPLE 2
在所謂的“水平”應(yīng)用（活板門、板條箱蓋等）中，連接點(diǎn) S 必須允許彈簧在完全關(guān)閉位置保持至少 10° 的向下傾斜，以充分利用彈簧，防止門/蓋猛然關(guān)上。
在這種情況下，F(xiàn)1 應(yīng)指氣彈簧處于完全關(guān)閉位置，即 F2。因此，結(jié)果必須除以漸進(jìn)因子。此外，在這種情況下，10/15% 的增加是沒(méi)有必要的
In the so called “horizontal” applications (trapdoors, crate covers, etc) the attachment point S must allow the spring to maintain in the fully closed position a downwards tilt of at least 10° to make the most of the spring also in preventing the door/cover from slamming.
In this case the F1 shall refers to the gas spring in its fully closed position i.e. F2. For this reason the result have to be divided by progression factor. Moreover in this case the increase of 10/15% is not necessary
示例 3
EXAMPLE 3
在此示例中（典型應(yīng)用：汽車后備箱），圖中顯示彈簧桿向上。此應(yīng)用是正確的，因?yàn)楫?dāng)后備箱關(guān)閉時(shí)，彈簧桿向下。
In this example (typical application: car boots) the figure shows the spring with the rod directed upwards. The application is correct because the spring, when the boot is closed, has the rod directed downwards.
正確安裝的技巧
TIPS FOR A CORRECT INSTALLATION
氣彈簧的長(zhǎng)壽命取決于密封件是否得到正確的潤(rùn)滑。因此，彈簧在安裝時(shí)必須始終將桿朝下，或?qū)U導(dǎo)向器相對(duì)于氣缸附件置于較低的位置。
在某些應(yīng)用中，如上圖所示（例如汽車后備箱），彈簧的打開(kāi)運(yùn)動(dòng)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致其在完全打開(kāi)和完全關(guān)閉位置之間向上旋轉(zhuǎn)。這里還應(yīng)注意在彈簧處于完全關(guān)閉位置并被壓縮在氣缸內(nèi)時(shí)將桿朝下安裝。這種推薦位置有利于潤(rùn)滑導(dǎo)向器和密封件，同時(shí)提供出色的制動(dòng)效果。
桿表面對(duì)于保持氣壓很重要，因此不應(yīng)被鈍器或磨料或任何腐蝕性化學(xué)物質(zhì)損壞。安裝氣彈簧時(shí)，應(yīng)對(duì)齊上下配件，以使密封件不受拉力。必須在整個(gè)桿行程中保持對(duì)齊。如果無(wú)法做到這一點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)使用允許對(duì)齊的接頭附件。
使用氣彈簧的機(jī)器的振動(dòng)可能會(huì)通過(guò)與框架連接過(guò)于牢固的附件轉(zhuǎn)移到密封件上。在固定螺釘和附件之間留出小間隙，或使用至少一個(gè)鉸接附件固定彈簧。
建議使用光滑銷釘而不是螺紋螺栓固定彈簧，因?yàn)槁菁y頂部與連接孔接觸會(huì)產(chǎn)生摩擦，這可能會(huì)影響氣彈簧的正常功能。
使用氣彈簧時(shí)，確保拉力不大于氣彈簧推力，以免超過(guò)正常的桿滑動(dòng)速度。
氣彈簧的正常工作溫度范圍為 -30 °C 至 + 80 °C。
特別潮濕和寒冷的環(huán)境可能會(huì)在密封件上結(jié)霜并影響氣彈簧的使用壽命。
氣彈簧的設(shè)計(jì)和制造旨在減輕或平衡對(duì)操作員或其插入結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)說(shuō)非常重的重量。設(shè)計(jì)師和制造商應(yīng)仔細(xì)評(píng)估彈簧的耐用性和安全性，以確定其是否可用于其他用途（減震器、減速器、停止器）。
The gas spring long life is a function of the correct lubrication of the seals. The spring must therefore always be installed with the rod directed downwards or with the rod guide in a lower position with respect to the cylinder attachment.
In some applications, as those described in figures above (e.g. car boots), the opening movement of the spring may cause it to rotate upwards between the fully open and fully closed position. Here also attention should be paid to installing the spring with the rod directed downwards when it is in its fully closed position, and compressed inside the cylinder. Such recommended position facilitates the lubrication of guide and seals, while delivering an excellent braking effect.
The rod surface is important for maintaining gas pressure and should therefore not be damaged by blunt or abrasive objects or by any corrosive chemical substance. When installing the gas spring, the upper and lower fittings should be aligned so that the seal is not under strain. The alignment must be maintained throughout the entire rod stroke. Should that not be possible, use jointed attachments which allow the alignment.
Vibrations on the machine to which the gas spring is applied may be discharged onto the seals through attachments that are connected too rigidly to the frame. Leave a small clearance between the fixing screws and the attachments or fix the spring using at least one jointed attachment.
We recommend fixing the spring using smooth pins and not threaded bolts as the thread crest, in contact with the attachment hole, exercises friction that may contrast the gas spring correct functioning.
When applying the gas spring, make sure the pulling forces are not greater than the gas spring thrust force, so that the normal rod sliding speed is not exceeded.
The normal operating temperature for a gas spring ranges between -30 °C and + 80 °C.
Particularly damp and cold environments may create frost on the seals and compromise the gas spring duration.
The gas spring has been designed and manufactured to lighten or counter-balance a weight that is otherwise very heavy for the operator or for the structure into which it is inserted. Any other use it may be put to (shock absorber, decelerator, stop) should be carefully assessed by the designer and the manufacturers with regard to durability of the spring and to safety.
正確應(yīng)用
Correct application
錯(cuò)誤應(yīng)用
Wrong application
產(chǎn)品使用壽命結(jié)束后的處理
DISPOSAL OF THE PRODUCT AT THE END OF ITS USEFUL LIFE
警告：氣彈簧氣缸內(nèi)含有高壓氮?dú)猓?/strong>
Warning: gas spring cylinder contains nitrogen under pressure!
新氣彈簧內(nèi)的壓力可能非常高，因此不得使用曲線鋸、鑿子或碎屑清除機(jī)切割氣彈簧氣缸，因?yàn)樗鼈兛赡軙?huì)爆炸，從而導(dǎo)致碎片噴出，并嚴(yán)重傷害附近的人。要處理氣彈簧，必須遵循以下步驟。
The pressure inside a new gas spring can reach very high values, therefore gas spring cylinders must not be cut with jigsaws, chisels or chip removal machines as they might explode, with consequent ejection of splinters, and seriously injure whoever happens to be nearby. To dispose of gas springs the following procedure must be followed.
氣彈簧處理程序
Procedure for the disposing of gas springs
確保可以依賴足夠的面部和手部保護(hù)；
檢查要處理的氣彈簧，并確保桿完全脫離氣缸；將其安全地固定在鉆鉗上后，使用直徑為 1-2 毫米的尖端鉆氣缸（任何較小的尖端，如果斷裂，可能會(huì)被從孔中出來(lái)的氣體噴出）；
必須在距離下部附件約 5 毫米的地方鉆孔氣缸；
慢慢鉆孔，以便去除碎屑；一旦在氣缸壁上打孔，里面的氣體就會(huì)迅速流出。由于氣彈簧可能含有油，因此要特別注意油霧；
導(dǎo)向器包含兩個(gè)密封件，形成一個(gè)小的氣密外殼，其中可能含有受壓氣體；在此區(qū)域鉆孔時(shí)也應(yīng)采取與上述相同的預(yù)防措施；
最后，將氣缸中的油排放到適當(dāng)?shù)娜萜髦?，由主管部門或根據(jù)現(xiàn)行國(guó)家法規(guī)在合適的地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行處理。
Make sure you can rely on adequate face and hand protections;
Examine the gas spring to be disposed of, and make sure the rod is fully out of the cylinder; after fixing it safely on a drill vice, proceed to drill the cylinder using a tip measuring 1-2 mm in diameter (any smaller tip, if it breaks, may be ejected out by the gas as it comes out of the hole);
The cylinder must be drilled at a distance of about 5 mm from the lower attachment;
Drill slowly so you can get rid of shavings; as soon as you make a hole in the cylinder wall, the gas contained in it will come out quickly. Since the gas spring may contain oil, pay special attention to oil mists;
The guide contains two seals creating a small airtight enclosure that may contain gas under pressure; drill also in this area taking the same precautions as above;
Lastly, discharge the oil contained in the cylinder into proper containers to be disposed of by competent authorities or in suitable sites according to current national regulations.
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